Cost Estimation and Management Strategies

Cost Estimation and Management Strategies Presentation Cost is one of the three columns supporting undertaking achievement or disappointment, the other two being Time and execution. Activities that go essentially over financial plan are regularly ended without accomplishing the development venture objectives since partners basically come up short on cash or see extra consumptions as wasting valuable resources. Ventures that stay inside spending plan are the exemption, not the standard. A development venture administrator who can control costs while accomplishing execution and timetable objectives ought to be seen as fairly a legend, particularly when we think about that cost, execution, and calendar are firmly interrelated. The degree of exertion and ability expected to perform great cost the executives are only here and there refreshing. Time after time, there is the strain to concoct gauges inside too short a timeframe. At the point when this occurs, there isn't sufficient opportunity to accumulate satisfactory recorded information, select fitting assessing techniques, think about other options, or cautiously apply legitimate strategies. The outcome is gauges that lean vigorously toward mystery. The issue is exacerbated by the way that evaluations are regularly not seen as appraisals yet more as real estimations made by some time traveler from what's to come. Evaluations, when expressed, tend to be viewed as realities. Undertaking chiefs must recollect that assessments are the best theories by estimators under different types of weight and with individual inclinations. They should likewise know about how others see these appraisals. It requires a comprehension of expenses a long ways past the ideas of cash and numbers. Cost of itself can be just estimated, not controlled. Expenses are one-dimensional portrayals of three-dimensional articles going through a fourth measurement, time. This present reality things that cost speaks to are individuals, materials, hardware, offices, transportation, and so forth. Cost is utilized to screen execution or utilization of genuine articles however it must be recollected that administration of those genuine articles decides cost, and not the other way around. Cost Management Cost the executives is the way toward arranging, evaluating, coordination, control and announcing of all cost-related angles from venture commencement to activity and support and at last removal. It includes recognizing all the expenses related with the speculation, settling on educated decisions about the choices that will convey best an incentive for cash and dealing with those expenses for the duration of the life of the task, including removal. Strategies, for example, esteem the executives help to improve esteem and lessen costs. Open book bookkeeping, when shared over the entire task group, encourages everybody to see the genuine expenses of the venture. Procedure Description The initial three cost the executives forms are finished, except for refreshes, during the task arranging stage. The last procedure, controlling expenses, is continuous all through the rest of the undertaking. Every one of these procedures is summed up beneath. Asset Planning Cost the board is started by arranging the assets that will be utilized to execute the venture. Figure 6-2 shows the data sources, instruments, and result of this procedure. All the undertakings expected to accomplish the venture objectives are distinguished by examining the expectations portrayed in the Work Breakdown Structure (WBS). The organizers utilize this alongside verifiable data from past comparable ventures, accessible assets, and movement term appraisals to create asset necessities. It is essential to get experienced individuals associated with this action, as supported by the master judgment recorded under Tools. They will comprehend what works and what doesnt work. In attempting to coordinate assets with undertakings and keep costs in line, the organizers should see choices in timing and picking assets. They should allude back to extend scope and hierarchical approaches to guarantee plans meet with these two rules. Aside from little ventures, attempting to design without great undertaking the executives programming is repetitive and dependent upon blunders, both in neglecting to cover all errands and in asset and cost figurings. The yield of this procedure is a depiction of the assets required, when they are required, and for to what extent. This will incorporate a wide range of assets, individuals, offices, hardware, and materials. Once there is an asset plan, the way toward evaluating starts. Evaluating Costs Evaluating is the way toward deciding the normal expenses of the venture. It is an expansive science with numerous branches and a few well known, and now and again unique, strategies. There are in general techniques to deciding the expense of the general task, just as individual strategies for evaluating expenses of explicit sorts of action. A few of these can be found in the assets recorded toward the finish of the part. In most programming advancement extends most of the expense relates to staffing. For this situation, information on the compensation rates (counting overhead) of the individuals taking a shot at the undertaking, and having the option to precisely assess the quantity of individuals required and the time important to finish their work will create a genuinely exact venture quote. Sadly, this isn't as straightforward as it sounds. Most undertaking gauges are inferred by adding the appraisals for singular task components. A few general ways to deal with assessing costs f or venture components are introduced here. [3] Your decision of approach will rely upon the time, assets, and authentic venture information accessible to you. The expense assessing process components are appeared in Figure. Figure 6-3 Cost Estimating Elements Cost evaluating utilizes the asset prerequisites, asset cost rates, and the movement term appraisals to figure quotes for every action. Evaluating distributions, verifiable data, and hazard data are utilized to help figure out which systems and techniques would yield the most precise appraisals. A graph of records might be expected to dole out expenses to various bookkeeping classifications. A last, yet significant, contribution to the assessing procedure is the WBS. Cautiously contrasting action gauges with the exercises recorded in the WBS will fill in as a rude awakening and find assignments that may have been neglected or overlooked. The devices used to play out the genuine assessing can be at least one of a few sorts. The major evaluating approaches appeared in Figure 6-3 are talked about here. While different methodologies are utilized, they can for the most part be classed as varieties of these. One alert that applies to all assessing approaches: If the suspicions utilized in building up the appraisals are not right, any ends dependent on the suppositions won't be right either. Base Up Estimating Base up assessing comprises of looking at every individual work bundle or movement and evaluating its expenses for work, materials, offices, gear, and so forth. This technique is normally tedious and relentless yet as a rule brings about precise assessments if solid and steady, point by point input records are utilized. Similar to Estimating Practically equivalent to assessing, otherwise called top-down evaluating, utilizes verifiable cost information from a comparative undertaking or exercises to gauge the general venture cost. It is regularly utilized where data about the task is restricted, particularly in the early stages. Practically equivalent to evaluating is less exorbitant than different strategies however it requires master judgment and genuine likeness between the current and past undertakings to acquire adequate exactness. Parametric Estimating Parametric evaluating utilizes scientific models, general guidelines, or Cost Estimating Relationships (CERs) to gauge venture component costs. CERs are connections among cost and estimations of work, for example, the expense per line of code. [3] Parametric assessing is normally quicker and simpler to perform than base up strategies yet it is just precise if the right model or CER is utilized in the fitting way. Configuration to-Cost Estimating Configuration to-cost strategies depend on cost unit objectives as a contribution to the evaluating procedure. Tradeoffs are made in execution and different frameworks structure boundaries to accomplish lower generally speaking framework costs. A variety of this strategy is cost-as-the-free factor , where the estimators start with a fixed framework level financial plan and work in reverse, organizing and choosing necessities to bring the venture scope inside spending limitations. PC Tools PC devices are utilized widely to aid cost estimation. These range from spreadsheets and venture the executives programming to particular reenactment and evaluating instruments. PC instruments diminish the frequency of computation mistakes, accelerate the estimation procedure, and permit thought of numerous costing choices. One of the more broadly utilized PC devices for evaluating programming advancement costs is the Constructive Cost Model (COCOMO). The product and clients manual are accessible for download without cost (see COCOMO in the Resources.) However, kindly note that most PC apparatuses for creating gauges for programming improvement use either lines of code or capacity focuses as information. On the off chance that the quantity of lines of code or capacity focuses can't be precisely assessed, the yield of the devices won't be exact. The best utilization of devices is to determine scopes of appraisals and increase comprehension of the sensitivities of those extents to chan ges in different info boundaries. The yields of the evaluating procedure incorporate the venture quotes, alongside the subtleties used to infer those appraisals. The subtleties generally characterize the assignments by references to the WBS. They likewise incorporate a portrayal of how the expense was inferred, any suppositions made, and a range for gauge (for example $20,000 +/ - $2000.) Another yield of the assessing procedure is the Cost Management Plan. This arrangement portrays how cost changes will be overseen, and might be formal or casual. The accompanying data might be considered for incorporation in the arrangement: Cost and cost-related information to be

Ethics in IT

Question: Required to break down the moral situation you have distinguished above utilizing utilize the Doing Ethics Technique (DET). Answer: Presentation Moral Dilemma can be characterized as a circumstance wherein people are relied upon to pick among alternatives which give off an impression of being ethically right however struggle with one another (Fisher Lovell, 2006). Doing morals procedure has characterized eight parameters against which a moral predicament is judged (Australian Computer Society Code of Ethics, 2015). The eight inquiries when replied in a predetermined succession assist people with finding the most fit answer for a moral problem. Case While filling in as a senior prerequisite investigator for a presumed programming advancement organization that create and sell Human Resource Information Systems (HRIS) to its customers the creator wound up amidst a moral difficulty. During one of his customer gatherings he was educated by his customers that they need a framework which while showing appropriate competitors whose qualifications coordinated to that required by a particular activity, subtleties of white up-and-comers must be shown before that of non-white applicants and furthermore the subtleties of male up-and-comers must be shown preceding female up-and-comers. The creator ended up in a state where he was unable to choose whether their organization ought to proceed with growing such a framework or just disapprove of the customer expressing significant reasons. Doing Ethics Technique What is happening? The creator is in a customer meeting where he is asked by the customer to build up a framework that disregarded business separation laws and Equal Employment Opportunity Laws. The customer is requesting that the creator be a piece of profoundly untrustworthy act. They are attempting to abuse the IT framework to play out a demonstration of personal circumstance. What are the realities? Creators organization is engaged with the turn of events and offer of HRIS framework to their customers. HRIS framework assists associations with smoothing out their HR procedure so as to encourage HR arranging. The creator is in middle of moral issue where he can't acknowledge customers necessities nor can disapprove of them legitimately. What are the issues? The customer needs to abuse the IT framework so as to play out an exceptionally untrustworthy act wherein they will segregate candidates dependent on their race and sex (Rezaee, 2009). There are various government laws that keep associations from making any segregation among representatives dependent on race, sex, age, nationality or incapacity. Any association that neglects to hold fast to such laws should confront genuine results (Whitbeck, 2011). The customer is unmistakably mindful of such laws despite everything need the product improvement organization to engage in this untrustworthy demonstration. Who is influenced? This untrustworthy demonstration won't just influence creator and his organization yet will likewise influence the white and female candidates who are really equipped for being chosen for a particular activity with the customer (Sandler, 2013). This demonstration will be significantly against open intrigue. What are the moral issues and suggestions? The customer is attempting to abuse the efficiencies and adaptabilities gave by an IT framework by control information in a manner that fulfill their personal responsibility (Sandler, 2013). Doing so will be against open intrigue and will damage singular rights to approach work openings. Such a framework will empower the customer segregate among candidates dependent on their race and sex. What should be possible about it? So as to prevent such practices from occurring in future the creator would straight be able to advance advise his customer that he and his organization will never be intrigued to be a piece of such unscrupulous act (Waluchow, 2003). What alternatives are accessible? The framework whenever created as wanted by the customer will abuse Employment Discrimination laws which accentuate on forestalling separation dependent on race, religion, sex, age and inability (Halbert Ingulli, 2014). The creator has three choices accessible. He can acknowledge the necessities and forward them to improvement group without paying attention to them as well. He can legitimately disapprove of the customer advising them his organization won't be keen on doing anything that is deceptive. He can illuminate the customer regarding his anxiety with all respects and educate them that dependent on whatever the senior administration will choose after they are educated about the particular prerequisite, he will continue likewise. Which is the most fit alternative and why? Alternative third gives off an impression of being the most fit choice on the grounds that the creators assignment doesn't furnish him with enough powers to choose either in favor or against the circumstance. It will be ideal to educate the senior administration about the circumstance and let them settle on the choice. The creator can simply take a choice whether to be a piece of this undertaking if the senior administration rule for the customer. References Australian Computer Society Code of Ethics. (2015). Australian Computer Society Code of Ethics. Recovered 2015, from Australian Computer Society Code of Ethics: https://undergraduate.csse.uwa.edu.au/units/CITS3200/morals/acs-ethics.htm Fisher, C., Lovell, A. (2006). Business Ethics and Values. Essex: Pearson Eductaion Limited. Halbert, T., Ingulli, E. (2014). Law and Ethics in the Business Environment. New York: Cengage Learning. Rezaee, Z. (2009). Corporate Governance and Ethics. New Jersey: John Wiley Sons. Sandler, R. L. (2013). Morals and Emerging Technologies. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. Waluchow, W. J. (2003). The Dimensions of Ethics: An Introduction to Ethical Theory. London: Broadview Press. Whitbeck, C. (2011). Morals in Engineering Practice and Research. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

The Unlikely Candidate

The Unlikely Candidate My childhood best friend changed schools in 8th grade, so I didn’t get to see her much afterwards, except for the occasional get togethers after we took our exams at the bimonthly Science League competitions. (Nerd status, I know, but confession: I was much more motivated by the socialization aspect of Science League than the exams.) September of senior year in high school, she invited me to go to a MIT info session with her. At that time, I wasn’t really considering MIT, because as my earlier confession would confirm escaping math and science was one of the things I looked forward to about finishing high school. But with classic Asian parents watching over my shoulders during application season, the MIT information session was a stellar opportunity to spend time with my friend in an educational environment. But seeing as Im going through senior year at MIT right now, I clearly got more out of that info session than the usual chitchat and pamphlets. My dad dropped me off at the venue, and right away, I spot my friend and her classmates from her new school. They were chatting effervescently about cookies or something. I caught onto the “cookies” part, because why wouldnt they serve cookies as refreshments before the info session? So I asked enthusiastically, “Cookies? Cookies? Where?! Where??” They glanced over at me, but nobody said anything. Later I realized they were talking about browser cookies. At that moment, I thought, Wow, this is a sign I dont belong here     But the info session turned out to be really convincing and I decided to apply to MIT. If youve been following my entries, youll know that my path here has been kind of unorthodox.  Back during the application season, I was pretty optimistic, and thought that if I am just honest in my application, wherever I end up will be good for me, and I will be valuable to it. That place turned out to be MIT.  I certainly have never regretted applying to MIT or choosing MIT. But I do wonder every so often just how much I belong here was I what the admission officers call a right fit? It didnt appear so at first. In senior year of high school, I was not understanding AP Calc BC at all, so much so I was scared to send out mid-year reports. And when I got to MIT, I would proceed to get C’s on pretty much all of the GIRs calculus, biology, chemistry, physics It was quite a disheartening start. These days, my GPA is surprisingly above water.  What Ive learned is that though on the surface I’m not the typical MIT candidate, something about my intellectual spirit clicks with MIT.  I always pass through this one hallway and see a panel that quotes our former president Susan Hockfield, “MIT is where science and society meet.” Right then, my body is so invigorated, my mind so inspired, and I know that here, I have something to gain and something to give. *** Represent yourself honestly in the applications. If you come to MIT, you might fit in in unexpected ways, and if you end up at another school, who knows what values you will hold?

Analysis of Forrest Gump - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 736 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/08/08 Category Cinematographic Art Essay Level High school Tags: Forrest Gump Essay Did you like this example? Forrest Gump is a movie directed by Robert Zemecki, based on a book written by Winston Groom. I chose to analyze this movie using Fosters methods because it is already such a heart wrenching movie, but when you dig even deeper, you start to notice things you didnt see before. At first glance, the movie is taking us through the life of Forrest Gump. Quite an adventurous life ranging from losing a friend in war, to finding out he has a son, and just about every other plot twist you could think of in between. After reading How to Read Literature like a Professor, I was able to pick things out and make opinions of my own about the movie that were deeper than the average, I dont like it or What great acting! The first thing I picked out was how significant the feather in the beginning really is. I watched the movie twice before recognizing it as anymore than a feather. In Fosters book, How to Read Literature like a Professor, he discusses symbols (chapter 12). He teaches us that symbols arent always obvious, that symbols cant be reduced to standing for only one thing. (pg 98, Foster) and that they are universal. The white feather is a symbolic object that counts as a sign. In western culture, the shade white commonly symbolizes innocence. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Analysis of Forrest Gump" essay for you Create order The color of the feather is significant because it seems to show the innocence and purity of Forrest Gump. The audience connects the feather to Forrest Gump when it finally lands on his shoe. The feather can also be connected to one of the most famous quotes from the movie, Life is like a box of chocolates, you never know what youre gonna get. Although it may seem like a stretch, the feather is filmed for two minutes. In those two minutes, the feather is blown to random places, on top of cars, different peoples shoulders, the ground, etc. It shows how random life can be and that you never know what lies in your path. I think the director did this to introduce us to the character of Forrest Gump and to give us a look into what the movie is going to be about. In my opinion, Jennys departure from Forrests house, AND her No answer to his proposal for marriage are inextricably linked. Its obvious that Jenny and Forrest loved each other as best friends from the time they first met. There was absolutely nothing that one of them could do that would break that bond with the other. But did Jenny love Forrest like a woman would love a husband? Yes is my vote, and here is why. From Day 1, Jenny saw into Forrests heart and soul beyond leg braces and beyond low IQ and saw a good, good man. So why say No to his proposal? Its because she did not see herself as worthy of being Forrests wife. She is the only one in the world who knows just how much her lifes conduct has driven her away (and below) from being a worthy wife. Please look at the dialog between them at his proposal, or view this YouTube clip. Aside from Forrests understandable surprise, these are exactly the actions that a husband and wife would do. Jenny knows all too well how to practice bi rth control. And she knows all too well that she is not doing so. She owned up to the only part of being a wife that she would allow herself to attain. So why did she leave? As loving friends, she probably would have stayed quite a while. As a prospective wife, she could not bear to be in his presence. She did not see herself as being in his league. In her mind, she had to leave. That was her loving gesture to him so that he could find someone who was worthy of him. She knew he would not understand, so she left in a manner that would cause the least pain to him. Unfortunately, its only until she is dying that she realizes that Forrest sees her heart and soul as much as she sees his. Its only after he offers to take care of her that she realizes that thats all he sees: a great person that has always been worthy to be his wife. And that is why she proposes to him. Of course, he accepts.

Machiavelli And Socrates - 1579 Words

Machiavelli and Socrates Niccolo Machiavelli and Socrates both lived during turbulent, political times. Machiavelli in Florence, Italy and Socrates in Athens. Machiavelli’s The Prince outlines the necessary features and traits of a sovereign, primarily, a Prince. It served as a handbook to effective rulership in the 16th century. By analyzing Machiavelli’s belief that a prince should be strategically feared, the role of free will , and the role of the people , I will argue that Machiavelli has an ally in Socrates. I will also address the counterargument that Machiavelli and Socrates wouldnt have seen eye to eye, specifically on a prince’s focus on war. The Prince is the head of the state, and essentially the face of his people. As†¦show more content†¦Socrates believes that, â€Å" he who is a corrupter of the laws is more than likely to be a corrupter of the young and foolish portion of mankind† (Socrates). The prince, in essence, is the law. And should be respected as such. In Crito, Socrates expresses his deep adoration for Athens, the nation brought [Socrates] into the world, and nurtured and educated [us]† (Socrates). He insists that â€Å"[Athens] is more to be valued and higher and holier far than mother or father or any ancestor, and more to be regarded in the eyes of the gods and of men of understanding† (Socrates). The state should be regarded, even feared, highly by the people, especially the Prince. This It’s worth noting that Socrates was accepting of his death sentence simply because it was his punishment for breaking the law. The law is very important, especially since the people will glorify those who enact and enforce the law. In this case, the Prince is the one to benefit from the glory. If princes are indeed superior to the people in enacting laws, in organizing civil governments, then doubtless the people are so superior in maintaining what has been instituted that they increase the glory of those who instituted them† (Machiavelli). Socrates would agree that the connection between the laws, the Prince, and the people is essential to the operation of a functioning state. Building this relationship with the citizens, especially rooted in the law of the land and even if based offShow MoreRelatedSocrates And Machiavelli1681 Words   |  7 PagesSocrates, in his early works, maintained a steadfast distance from involvement in politics, making a comparison or evaluation of a political system in his persona technically impossible. To claim that Socrates would or would not be supportive of any political system might then seem irresponsible, a presumptuous analysis not fitting for an academic recognizing the false equivalence between Socrates’ philosophy and Machiavelli’s political ethics. The strategy to conduct any sort of liable and validRead MoreMachiavelli And Socrates896 Words   |  4 PagesMachiavelli and Socrates are two of the most prominent philosophers of history. Each men are characterized by developing distinct schools of thought regarding individual rights and statehood. Machiavelli’s The Prince is a manual for rulers: lessons based on empirical observations of history. In The Apology written by Plato, Socrates delivers a justification to an Athenian court. It is notRead MoreMachiavelli And Socrates1840 Words   |  8 Pagesrespective times, Socrates and Niccolà ³ Machiavelli had very different methods and beliefs of how a political system should be run. The mindset of Socrates can be seen in the works Apology and Crito by Plato. Socrates, who values wisdom and justice over power and prestige, would view Machiavelli’s concept of a Prince very contradicting to how he believes a good life should be lived. In his work, The Prince, Machiavelli details how a prince should rule and maintain power. Socrates would not be supportiveRead MoreSocrates An d Machiavelli1860 Words   |  8 PagesPolitical Theorists: Moralities and Wisdom Political theorists, Socrates and Machiavelli, each provide their own ideas and philosophies for political structure that are still being discussed today. In Plato’s writings of â€Å"Apology† and â€Å"Crito†, he defines Socrates as man of wisdom and humbleness as he goes through trial and death of a crime he did not commit. Machiavelli’s writing of â€Å"The Prince† was written as a way to advise a Prince on how to achieve the greatest success as a ruler. These twoRead MoreSocrates And Machiavelli1660 Words   |  7 Pagesworks of Socrates and Machiavelli are as polarized as the phrases â€Å"the unexamined life is not worth living† and â€Å"the ends justify the means.† The Prince by Machiavelli and The Last Days of Socrates by Plato are both crucial texts to the discussion of what makes a good political leader. Well, what makes a good political leader? Socrates would disagree with Machiavelli’s ideation of the Prince becau se of the immorality that he allows this model to have in the public sphere. However, Socrates would findRead MoreMachiavelli And Socrates1713 Words   |  7 PagesSocrates and Niccolà ² Machiavelli were both political philosophers who lived through corruption, violence, and political restlessness. These circumstances prompted them to develop their own solutions for their respective societies. This included the creation of a stable political system with a strong and effective leader through the examination of the faults of said societies. To Machiavelli, this leader is known as the â€Å"Prince.† He believes that the Prince should be pragmatic in his actions, andRead MoreSocrates And Machiavelli1961 Words   |  8 PagesWhat would Socrates think of Machiavelli’s political world? Socrates and Machiavelli were some of the most influential political philosophers in their respective times. Some argue that their view of empowering individuals, whether it be through free speech or ruthless fighting, are quite similar. However, their views of leadership and government do not align. Socrates’ support for free expression and due process makes his view of effective governance far different from Machiavelli’s focus on nationalRead MoreSocrates And Machiavelli2009 Words   |  9 PagesSocrates and Machiavelli are both very influential philosophers and two of the great minds of their time. However, both of these men had their own separate ideas that did not completely agree with one another. Machiavelli was born into a Renaissance time period of fragmented politics, lots of bloodshed, and angry citizens while Socrates grew up in a time of political adjustment and instability in Athens. Machiavelli constructed The Prince as a political pamphlet to his frie nd Lorenzo de MediciRead MoreMachiavelli And Socrates1976 Words   |  8 Pagesand turmoil, both Socrates and Machiavelli use philosophy to evaluate people and politics. After seeing corruption, fragmentation and death, both philosophers developed different views. Machiavelli’s concept of a Prince includes strong stances on morality and religion. Socrates would be likely to agree on the general ideas that Machiavelli believes a Prince should have but he would differ mainly in how they should be executed. I believe that Socrates would agree with Machiavelli that there needs toRead MoreSocrates And Machiavelli Analysis936 Words   |  4 Pages Socrates instilled value in living life as it ought to be and ingrained the pursuit of truth into all of his actions. He relished living as a gadfly to the state; arousing thoughts in others as a means to bring them to higher points of understanding and critical examination, which they then were to apply to their own society. He wanted people to live lives as they ought to live them and for the state to be a reflection of that aim. The leader advocated by Machiavelli, The Prince, is far more authoritarian

Safe Dance Practice †Year 11 Dance Free Essays

Safe dance practice is the guidelines and principles put in place to reduce risk of injury and help prolong a dancer’s career. We need an understanding of body placement, kinaesthetic awareness and coordination to perform to our full potential if wanting it to be successful. Dance as an art form is trying to communicate an idea or concept intent to an audience. We will write a custom essay sample on Safe Dance Practice – Year 11 Dance or any similar topic only for you Order Now The movement will partially communicate that, but it is how you express the movement that will tell a story. Our core performance choreographed by Miss McKellar to ‘A Woman’s Work’ expresses movements that relate to the lyrics of the song. These movements use various dance techniques and body skills to portray the concept intent. These dance techniques include body awareness, technique, body articulation, axial movement, locomotor movement, turns, falls, balance and kinaesthetic awareness. All these dance techniques enhance my performance of the dance by reaching out to the viewer so they understand the meaning of the dance. In our core performance, body awareness is the need to develop a full connectivity between the different parts of the body to be able to move with the utmost efficiency while taking risks and maximizing every moment. In the dance, we use body awareness all throughout the dance. An example of this technique is shown when on the floor, while my left knee is bent in a flexion movement our right leg is extending away from our body in a turned out manner. My torso is contracting over my extended leg while our arms are scooping the negative space around the shape. While in this shape, we need to be aware that our arms are not behind our body as this may cause us to lose balance and stability. In this shape, I try to keep a turned out position and weight placement correct. If not on balance I could disrupt the line of placement and fall over, causing the line of movement to be distorted. Body awareness refers to safe dance practice by referring to how I am aware of how my body and how it is aligned to perform safe dance movements. Another example of dance technique is body alignment. Body alignment is the stacking of bones to create alignment used for safe dance practice. It is the placement of bones in such a way that increases physiological effectiveness and health. An example of body alignment in our core performance is our starting position. Our starting position is where our knees are bent and on the ground, and our torso is hinging back. In this position I try to keep my cervical vertebrae, thoracic vertebrae and lumber vertebrae all in line to keep a flat back. If arched, it could end in possible injury to the lumber vertebrae. Body alignment refers to safe dance practice as it plays a major role in dance technique and enhances our concept intent in our major core performance. A locomotor movement is movement that travels from place to place, usually identified by weight transference on the feet. A turn is a move or a cause to move in a circular direction wholly or partly around an axis or point. Elevation is the action of fact of elevating or being elevated. It is the increase in the amount or level of someone or something. An example of a locomotor movement that involves the movement to turn and use elevation is the turning attitude leap in the second chorus of our core performance. When preparing for this jump I needed to make sure that my knee and foot weren’t misaligned as that could have ended in a possible twist of the ankle. Another misalignment that could happen is when preparing, I needed to ensure that my feet were aligned and not in an eversion. Whilst on the way down from the attitude leap, it was essential that I articulate my foot to land properly and safely. If I hadn’t landed safely it could have resulted in a knee or ankle injury. During this jump I could have used more elevation to reach my potential in jumping higher and getting my legs into a better attitude leap. When turning in the attitude leap, I need to spot quicker as I was disorientated when I started to move on to the next movement in the phrase. This shows safe dance practice as I go through the steps that are essential to execute the movement safely and properly. Balance is an even distribution of weight enabling me to remain upright and steady. Control is the ability to employ dance techniques to meet the needs of the core performance. An example of balance and control is after getting up off the floor from rolling, I go into an attitude pivot around myself. This movement requires a lot of control and stability as; if not on balance I could fall and injure myself by rolling in my knee or being completely off balance and falling over. During this movement I needed to ensure that I stabilised my supporting leg and used counterbalance of my bent attitude leg and diagonal arms to guarantee the safeness and on balance of the movement. Balance and Control are shown in the core performance and are connected to safe dance practice as they show variation from strong and rough to soft and controlled. A fall in dance is an action moving downward, typically slowly and controlled, from a higher level to a lower level. It is an act of falling or collapsing, all the while controlled and making it seem and look easy. An example of a fall in our core performance is when we hinge back and gracefully fall onto the ground. This movement occurs multiple times as it symbolises being weighed down. This movement takes place by my legs are in a flexion position at the knees and hinging my torso back in a straight line with my cervical, thoracic and lumber spine which creates a straight line from my knees to my head. I then bend my right knee even further and roll through my toes and land on my tibialis anterior and peroneus longus. This movement could cause an injury if I misalign my leg and land on my knee. This movement shows the techniques used to sustain a fall and is applied to safe dance practice by using numerous muscles to control the landing of a fall. Body articulation is the ability of the dancer to isolate and combine individual body parts to communicate a desired intent. Body articulation is another body skill. Body articulation refers to safe dance practice as I am performing and executing the movement safely. Axial movement is any movement that is anchored to one spot by a body part using only the available space in any direction without losing the initial body contact. Axial movement can also be called a non-locomotor sequence or movement as it does not travel from one location to another. In my core performance this body skill can be a movement at the start. Just after I get up off the floor and arrange my legs to an open parallel position on rise with my arms reaching to the diagonals above our head. In this position my arms and legs are reaching to the four corners of my shape. In this shape, if not on balance, I can fall or stumble. In my dance I found that I was a little off balance and I needed to fix it before I fell over. I used my arms and legs as counterbalance and reached up and out of the position so I wasn’t sitting in the shape. I found when I thought this that it helped more than I original thought. Axial movement relates to safe dance practice by using several muscles to prevent any unwanted stumbles and misalignments. During the course of the dance there were many other important dance techniques that were used to portray the concept intent. Strength, endurance, coordination and anatomical structure are more techniques used to enhance my core performance. All these dance techniques relate to safe dance practice as they all correct basic technique faults to move more safely and efficiently in my core performance. hOne important dance technique that is used to improve yourself and your dance includes strength. Strength corrects technique and rehabilitates any injuries that could have happened during the course of a time period. Strength also improves your performance by strengthening your muscles. In order for me to use this strength in my dance I need to work up to it. Various exercises are used to build up strength and over time it will increase your durability and overall strength. Endurance is another technique that is used throughout the dance. Endurance is the capacity of something to last or withstand wear and tear. It is the fact or power of enduring a difficult process without giving up or giving away. Developing endurance is important in my core performance for the reason in that it tries to avoid muscle exhaustion and the potential risk of an injury. Muscle exhaustion can be circumvented by performing repeated movements such as rising, bends, and repeating sequences for gradual improvement over a period of time. Coordination is the process or state of coordinating or being coordinated. It is having a sense of direction and to have control over many movements. In the core performance coordination is needed greatly as there were many different and rapid direction changes and quick steps and movements. Without a sense of coordination I would have been completely disorientated and possibly fallen due to me being confused and mixed-up with the directions. Flexibility refers to the range of motion possible at a given joint determined by the lengthening and elongation of muscles and fibres. Flexibility was required to do the core performance properly as there were many moments in the dance that required the flexibility of one self to properly execute the movement. Safe dance practice enhances my core performance dance by adding to the choreography dance techniques in order to personalise the dance. Safe dance practice is the guidelines and principles put in place to reduce risk of injury and help prolong a dancer’s career. Dance as an artform is how you try to communicate an idea or concept intent across to an audience. How to cite Safe Dance Practice – Year 11 Dance, Papers

The Consumption of Food in Anna Karenina and Madame Bovary free essay sample

Since eating is often seen as a social event, the ambience of a meal and the manners of the diners contribute much to character revelation. More abstractly, in addition to giving insights into character, both Tolstoy and Flaubert use food to symbolise significant events or developments in the plot. Therefore, by analysing the representations of food we can gain insights into many of the ideas that the writers are trying to convey. This paper will compare the ways in which food is used for the above purposes in both novels. Early in Anna Karenina we are shown the contrast in food tastes of Oblonsky and Levin. Oblonsky is portrayed as a cavalier character through his eating habits: we see that for the bon vivant Oblonsky nothing, not even serious discord with his wife at the time, would interfere with his enjoyment of food: Having finished the paper, a second cup of coffee, and a roll and butter, he rose, shook a crumb or two from his waistcoat, and, expanding his broad chest, smiled happily, not because he felt particularly light-hearted—his happy smile was simply the result of a good digestion. We will write a custom essay sample on The Consumption of Food in Anna Karenina and Madame Bovary or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Furthermore, being a Russian aristocrat from the city, Oblonsky has a particularly refined taste for food and always seems able to make eating an enjoyable and a luxurious social experience. He likes eating exotic food merely for the titillating effect that it has on him: Oblonsky was happy, too, because he was enjoying himself and everyone was pleased†¦ Everything, including the excellent dinner and the wines (not from Russian merchants but imported direct from abroad), was very distinguished simple and enjoyable. Levin, on the other hand, is shown to be a conservative. Like a true rural aristocrat, he deliberately eschews any foreign and urban influences. Characterised as being traditional, serious and earnest, Levin prefers the rather simple and natural peasant food above all else: â€Å"Levin ate his oysters, though he would have liked white bread and cheese better. † Throughout the novel, his attitude towards food remains the same. One day he is in his fields, after having ploughed his land together with the peasants. We are told that The peasants began preparing for dinner The bread and water was so delicious that Levin changed his mind about going home. He shared the old man’s meal and chatted to him about his family affairs From this we can perceive the importance of the social setting of eating for Levin; the simple food tastes so good because he feels comfortable and happy amongst the peasants. It is exactly this notion that distinguishes Levin from Charles in Madame Bovary. Though Charles also has a modest preference for the kind of food that he’s accustomed to, For dinner there was onion soup, and a piece of veal cooked with sorrel. Charles, sitting opposite Emma, rubbed his hands together cheerfully and said—How nice it is to be home again! , he—in contrast to Levin—does not care for his social environment. This is evident in his anti-social and indelicate eating behaviour, that would have convinced Emma that she had married a very unromantic man: â€Å"He used to cut bits off the corks from the empty bottles; after meals, he used to suck his teeth; eating his soup he made a gurgling noise with every mouthful †¦Ã¢â‚¬  . The male attitude to food is analogous to their perception of life, and more specifically, their perception of women. In a restaurant, gluttonous Oblonsky orders many different kinds of dishes and likewise also shows his greed regarding other women with whom he has affairs. Thus the literal description of him, â€Å"tearing the quivering oysters from their pearly shells with a silver fork and swallowing them one after another† , can also be interpreted metaphorically with oysters being a powerful feminine symbol. Contrariwise, Levin’s conscientious and monogamous aim in a marital relationship is shown in his attitude towards adultery; â€Å"‘It’s as if †¦ as incomprehensible as if, after a good dinner here, I were to go into a baker’s shop and steal a roll. ’† And again Oblonsky’s unfaithful nature shows itself in his reply: â€Å"‘Why not? Rolls sometimes smell so good that you can’t resist them! ’† Also Charles’ treatment of food can be a reflection of his sexual appetite. In the same way that he simply eats to replenish himself, â€Å"He ate up the rest of the stew, cut the rind from his cheese, munched an apple, finished off the wine, hen went up to bed, lay down on his back and began to snore. † , he’s unable to treat his wife Emma delicately in their romantic relations — leaving her romantically unsatisfied. Vronsky has the same characteristic of not treating his partner with suff icient delicacy, and this seems to he a major contributory factor to Anna’s fatality. Vronsky’s stubborn and insensible determination to preserve his virility and to not give in to his mistress Anna is symbolised by him eating a large lump of beefsteak, stereotypically ‘food for real men’. It is interesting that Vronsky’s eating of beefsteak is the precursor, on two occasions, for the creation of a â€Å"mangled body† . The first time he is mentioned eating â€Å"his beefsteak† it precedes Vronsky breaking his mare Frou Frou’s back and thereby causing her death, by riding her too recklessly. The second time he eats â€Å"his beefsteak† it is following an argument with Anna, which leads to her suicide. Experiencing the same destiny as Anna, Emma’s growing general dissatisfaction finds root in a failing marriage with the ignorant and provincial simpleton Charles. This is ominously displayed at their wedding; â€Å"Big dishes of yellow custard, shuddering whenever the table was jogged displayed, on their smooth surface, the initials of the newly-weds in arabesques of sugared almonds. † This notion of their â€Å"shuddering† unstable relationship and the almost nauseating overdone sweetness of the thick and indelicate desert with its â€Å"sugared almonds† precedes an exposition of her character development through the symbolism of different foods. After figuratively and literally having tasted from delicacies at the Marquis’ ball, â€Å"Emma, as she entered the room, felt herself immersed in warmth, a mixture of the scent of flowers and fine linen, the smell of roast meat and the odour of truffles. † , and is consequently dissatisfied with her petty bourgeois life. Her resultant whimsical behaviour concerning choice in foods and drinks shows her impulsive and insatiable character; â€Å"She would order different food for herself and leave it untouched; one day drink only fresh milk and, next day, cups of tea by the dozen. Nevertheless she temporarily finds her sexual satisfaction in passionately committing adultery with Rodolphe and Leon respectively, and this, in the latter case, is symbolised by the eating of cream. During Emma and Leon’s initial tryst, â€Å"They ate fried smolt, cherries and cream. † Like purely physical sex, eating cream simply yields an immediate pleasure and satisfaction in its consumption. In Anna Karenina, the same idea of the symbolism of cream is used to show the blunt insensibility with which Karenin treats his wife Anna. Without any mention of romantic love, Karenin’s physical sexual desire for his wife at her return from her travels is hinted as follows; â€Å"Having finished his second glass of tea with cream and his roll,† â€Å"‘Time for bed now,’ he said with a special smile, crossing into the bedroom. ’† This example adds to Karenin’s profile as an unfeeling man. The way that food can be used as a literary effect is evident in both novels Anna Karenina and Madame Bovary. Flaubert and Tolstoy seem to share their view on the literary use of food symbolism. The reason that something as ordinary as food is used for this purpose is that people always eat food to satisfy themselves. Consequently, the kind of food that one chooses to eat shows the kind of desire or need that is to be satisfied. And because different people find their satisfaction in different actions and lifestyle, the kind of food the characters eat is a good source of information about their characters and/or their social environment. Instead of describing directly what kind of character one has or stating how the plot is going to develop, the authors have used a more subtle approach through symbolism of food to convey the ideas. It is exactly this sort of delicate literary technique that makes a novel a work of art. Word Count: 1487 The examiners comments and scores are on the next page. Before paging down or looking further score this paper yourself, writing a rationale for your score in each of the areas. Examiner’s Comments for the student essay, â€Å"Consumption of food in Anna Karenina and Madame Bovary† This well-written essay has a very specific and narrow focus on food from which the candidate does not veer. The essay does not just list a number of quotations about food, but relates the quotations to character and action. The interpretation of the significance of food is almost always perceptive; for example, Oblonsky’s eating oysters as a symbol of his sensuality and love of women is contrasted with Levin’s love of simple food in the company of peasants. Ideas are not always fully developed, but this would be difficult to do when writing about two long complex novels in an essay of 1500 words. Score: 5, 5, 5, 5

Congo River in Heart of Darkness Essay Example

Congo River in Heart of Darkness Essay These extracts, Marlow’s voyage up the Congo River in Heart of Darkness and the protagonist’s inspired exploration through the Congo’s most perilous terrain in Blood River contrast sharply. Physical suffering dominates a large role in the theme of danger with conventions such as the river and its surroundings being a staple of the theme. These extracts use physical and mental anguish to illustrate various and comparable conceptions of danger. Both Conrad and Butcher are describing a river journey along the Congo River in Africa. The river is treacherous and the journey is difficult; and they can only guess what lies further inland. However, both texts have a different purpose. Conrad was writing in 1898 and is openly criticising society’s beliefs at the time that colonial power is progressive and superior to other powers. Due to its critical nature it is considered as one of the earliest modern novels; because the novella is shedding a new light over the notion of colonialism and the bleak destruction it has both for the Africans and the Europeans who are colonising it. Unlike Heart of Darkness, Blood River is a travelogue, non-fiction contemporary journey of H.M Stanley’s 1874-77 expedition; which Butcher himself is recreating. We will write a custom essay sample on Congo River in Heart of Darkness specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Congo River in Heart of Darkness specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Congo River in Heart of Darkness specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Although Heart of Darkness was one of the first literary texts to provide a critical view of European imperial activities, it was initially read by critics as anything but controversial. The novella was typically read as a condemnation of an adventurer who could easily take advantage of imperialism’s opportunities. Conrad’s decision to set the novella in a Belgian colony and to have Marlow work for a Belgian trading concern made it even easier for British readers to avoid seeing themselves reflected in Heart of Darkness. Although these early reactions seem ludicrous to a modern reader, they reinforce the novella’s central themes of hypocrisy and absurdity. Conrad’s style of writing is highly descriptive which is to be expected of an early twentieth century novel. His lexis choice â€Å"profound anguish† and â€Å"excessive toil† sound slightly archaic and formal for contemporary readers. The writer is highlighting the fact that the forest is dangerous and savage as the forest natives take â€Å"possession of an accursed inheritance.† This suggests that Conrad is critical of the colonial authority which is implied through the use of the noun â€Å"inheritance†. The modifier â€Å"accursed† gives the impression that the natives are in some way associated with the devil. Religious beliefs at the time were beginning to be challenged and this is demonstrated through this lexis choice. Butcher also mirrors the theme of danger through the use of dialogue in his writing. The narrator mentions the menacing threat of malaria on the plight of the Congolese, through speaking with another passenger onboard the perilous pirogue. Through the use of dialogue the writer harnesses the reader’s attention as Butcher provides a real life account of the physical suffering that affects Africans quotidian. Conrad presents danger with a semantic field through the use of the lexical choice: trees and the Congo Riverbanks. Conrad’s style of writing also contains many instances of contradictory language, reflecting Marlow’s difficult and uncomfortable position. The steamer, for example, â€Å"tears slowly along† the riverbank: â€Å"to tear† usually indicates great speed or haste, however, the oxymoronic addition of â€Å"slowly† immediately strips the phrase of any discernible meaning and adds a tone of absurdity. Butcher also uses contradictory language when describing the pirogue through the use of juxtaposition. â€Å"Its bow slid onto our bank with the lightest of kisses. The dreadnought was heavy†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The idiom lightest of kisses =

Tips for Filling Out USCIS Forms

Tips for Filling Out USCIS Forms Let’s face it, even native-born American citizens don’t like filling out forms for the federal government. For an immigrant, the task can be daunting. Language barriers and cultural differences can complicate even simple, straightforward communication with the government. Each year, U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services receives millions of forms and applications from immigrants. Unfortunately, untold thousands of those are rejected or discarded because they were not filled out properly. Here are some simple tips to make sure the government accepts your form: Make sure you fill out the form legibly. If it’s messy or damaged and the government can’t read it, you’ll have not chance of getting what you want.Answer all questions truthfully and completely. It can be a serious offense to give the government incorrect information.Make sure the spelling is correct - especially with names. If you need help understanding the English, then get help. Generally, most applicants will not need to consult an immigration attorney to fill out a form. You can do it yourself! But if you have a complicated you, you may want to seek a lawyer’s advice. Follow the instructions carefully. If you need to send a fee with your document, make sure you send the right amount the right way.Don’t forget to sign your form. An unsigned form is a simple mistake that can delay your case for months. USCIS is constantly changing its forms, so it’s important you are sure you are filling out the right one. Here are some tips from the government. Remember that forms and applications are free, though there may be a charge to file them. Beware of dishonest service providers who might try to charge you for a blank form. A warning from the federal government: Never pay for a blank USCIS form! Some useful tips from USCIS: You can get a form by downloading them on line at the USCIS website, or by calling 1-800-870-3676.Make sure you are using the most current version of the form you want. Again, USCIS is changing and revising them all the time.When possible, download the form from the USCIS website and complete it with a computer. This will help ensure your document is legible.If you do write your answers by hand, use black ink and make sure your writing is neat and stays within the space provided.USCIS uses special scanners to read forms and documents. The scanners will not read the information properly if it is greyed-out, highlighted or corrected using correction fluid or tape. Take time to make sure your for form is as neat as possible!If you do make an error, the government recommends that you start over with a clean form. Again, they’re free!Complete the entire form. A partially completed form will not get you what you want. Barcoded Forms - USCIS Adds New Technology USCIS says it has added 2D barcode technology to some of its most used forms. They include: G-28, I-90, I-131, I-821, I-864 and N-400.The government says that when you complete these barcoded forms with a computer, the barcode at the bottom of the page will store the data entered on the form. USCIS will be able to scan the information from the barcode and upload it directly into the USCIS system.USCIS says you are not required to complete the barcoded forms electronically, but immigrants are encouraged to use them and to visit the government’s online form site. Remember the barcode captures only typed information; handwritten information is not captured by the barcode. So, you have to complete the forms fully electronically or full in handwriting.Take care not to damage the barcode. Give Your Form One Last InspectionBefore you file your form, look it over one last time to make sure it’s accurate and complete.USCIS says you should check these things in particular:Did you sign it?Are you sending the correct fee if one is required?Have you answered everything truthfully and completely?If you are sending more than one form, have you written your name and date of birth exactly the same way on each form? This is very important, whether you’re trying to get a visa, applying for citizenship or just changing an address.Are you mailing your form to the correct government address? If you’re not sure, check it.

Neymar Case (F.C. Barcelona) Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Neymar Case (F.C. Barcelona) - Coursework Example An effective response to crises includes leadership involvement, application of human resources initiatives, and restructuring the organizational structure. To elaborate on this effective response and mitigation process, this text will be developed adhering to the defined outline of the need to effective response, and will apply the recent FC Barcelona crisis which went viral with the globe pointing fingers at the club accusing it of fraud in signing Neymar. The text will address the issue and suggest on what was the best way to deal with the matter in terms of handling the arising issues and restoring trust and calm to all involved stakeholders. Neymar, a promising Brazilian soccer star has been a treasure many clubs have been aiming at netting and when FC Barcelona succeeded in signing him, it was expected to be the start of big things. However, it was unknown that the move was indeed suicidal for the club after claims of fraud during the signing of the star emerged. As Minder (2014, n.p.) reveals, the issue was that the club’s management had misappropriated funds during the process, stating that 57 Million Euros were spent on the signing whereas the actual sum known to have been spent was 86 Million Euros. To make matters worse, it is said that about 40 million of the said amount was paid to an organization affiliated to Neymar’s father, raising eyebrows as to the transparency of the entire process. Events following the dark turn of events were the Spanish court giving a green light for the case to proceed against the club’s tax defrauding accusations, and the club’s then manager, Sandro Rosell resigning in early 2014. What went wrong and which are best measures to prevent recurrence and restore FC Barcelona’s flawed glory? In a business context, the management of FC Barcelona had failed in its mandates thus contributing to the said outcome. The

Question about the novel The outsider Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Question about the novel The outsider - Essay Example As the storyline continues to unfold, we see many adolescents as irrational. They act without thinking just as is the case with Ponyboy when he finds the church on fire. He jumps out of the car, runs and enters into the burning church intending to rescue the children (Hinton 6). He does this without thinking about his safety and because he has no skills on firefighting, and also because he does not have the right outfit for fire rescue. Pony agrees with this assessment; that he is not reasonable when he says that he sometimes does not think. Adolescence is a phase in life when a teenager considers himself/ herself as an adult and expects to be treated as one. The reality is, they are still teenagers and are under control and guidance to others with parents, and teachers. Therefore when their elders advise them on how to live, the teens start to feel like the elders are dictating them on how to live their lives. The loss of control makes teens feel life is not fair. For instance, Ponyboy knows that he is not safe walking on the streets of his neighborhood, but he still does it. Adolescents also have another behavior of bullying others as well as defending themselves, for example in the outsider, as Ponyboy comes from strolling he is attacked by a gang. Also, Pony is thinking of how he can defend himself and is looking around for a pop bottle or stick or something anything to defend himself. It is at this point that we hear Pony remembering how Steve Randle, had once held off four guys with a busted pop bottle. Such, and other examples in the book go a long way in showing us that adolescents have a bullying habit and are also

Factors Affecting Changes in Urban Temperature

Factors Affecting Changes in Urban Temperature 1.1 Urban Climatology Urban climatology is a branch of  climatology  that examines interactions between the urban  area and the weather conditions around it, their impacts on each other, and the different spatial and temporal scales at which these interactions occur. There are many differences between the urban and rural climates; these differences generally include the quality of the air as well as the wind and rainfall patterns. However, the most observable difference is the  Urban Heat Island  (UHI) effect which represents the temperature difference between the rural and urban sites. This field’s main implementation is its use for optimal urban design and planning of cities [21]. Urban areas have a significant effect on the overlying air due to a variations in the nature of surface cover (urban form) and emissions of heat, water vapor and materials that are involved human activities (urban function). Although the urban-rural differences have been recognized for a long period of time, only recently urban climatology has started collecting actual urban observations, developing urban models and validating these models using the required data. 1.1.1 Urban Heat Island Effect Urban warming, also called ‘Urban Heat Island’ effect (UHI), is a well-established phenomenon. The intensity of the UHI has been measured essentially as being the temperature difference between rural and urban locations. Many studies have been conducted in order to quantify the UHI in large cities, mainly in Europe and other areas [16]. This phenomenon is considered as a representation of all the microclimatic differences caused by man-made modifications of the urban surface (Landsberg, 1981). The Urban Heat Island effect was first identified in 1820 by Luke Howard who noticed that in London, urban temperatures were higher by 3.7 °F at night and lower by 0.34 °F during the day compared to the rural surroundings. The intensity of Heat island varies depending on the density of the urban area, with the highest values of UHI being found in the most densely built areas. Moreover, in cities located in the high-latitude region, and having relatively cold weather, heat islan ds are considered as an advantage since it contributes to a reduction in heating loads; however, in cities located in mid- and low-latitude regions, heat islands are a major source of outdoor thermal discomfort for the urban population, and indoor thermal discomfort of buildings’ occupants (and consequently higher indoor cooling loads), especially in the summer period [22]. On the other hand, there is a phenomenon called the urban cool island (UCI) which is an opposite effect to the UHI, where urban areas are found to be colder than the rural arid (desert) surrounding environments. The UCI is the highest during the daytime, where the effect of increased shading (from buildings) and evapotranspiration (from artificial, man-made water bodies and vegetation) in urban areas contributes to some reduction in local temperatures compared to the unshaded rural arid surroundings. This phenomenon is mainly found in countries where rural areas are primarily deserts, such as the case of the UAE [19]. As a matter of fact, the UHI intensity is influenced by the location of the urban, as well as by the climate regime, season and synoptic patterns [36]. Evidently, UHI shows higher intensities during the summer season due to the larger amounts of solar radiation received by the surface and leading to higher absorption and release of heat through urban structures compared to the winter period [37]. 1.1.1.1 Factors Affecting Urban Temperature Generation of UHI UHI is the results of the interactions among several factors which can be classified as controllable and uncontrollable factors as shown in Fig.4. Figure 4. Generation of Urban Heat Island (UHI) [xx] The uncontrollable factors of UHI include climatic variables (synoptic scale) and weather conditions (local scale) such as air speed and cloud covers. Some studies show that the UHI is negatively correlated with wind speed and cloud cover (Kim and Baik, 2005; Oke, 1982). The controllable factors include urban design and structure related variables such as vegetation, building construction material, and sky view factor and population related variables such as anthropogenic heat sources (power plants, automobiles, air-conditioners). The main source of heat produced and enclosed in an area originates from the sun which emits this heat in the form of solar radiation. The major energy conservation and heat transfer processes (through conduction, convection and radiation) have a dominant role in the heat exchange within an urban area. The structures that are located in the canopy layer level, such as walls, roofs and green spaces absorb and reflect solar radiation in different ways. The ab sorption and storage of solar radiation (in the form of heat energy) occurs from sunrise till sunset, then the environment starts cooling down. The stored heat energy in urban structures is then released to the surrounding environment, based on the sky view factor and the building material of these urban structures. An urban area is typically characterized by a decreased sky view (due to the presence of obstructing buildings), as a result, the ability of heat release by long-wave radiation is reduced in all cities, leading to high heat storage in building surfaces. Surface absorptivity, which is a thermal property of any material, represents the fraction of total incident light that is effectively absorbed by a surface, and is believed to be high in cities and is considered to be one of the main reasons of UHI. Moreover, as a result of the lack of vegetation in most of the cities, latent heat due to evapotranspiration is also reduced in these areas. Convective heat removal and trans fer by wind are also found to be negatively affected by the high roughness of structures in urban areas. In addition, air pollutants that are found in polluted urban areas, are able to capture and re-radiate long wave radiation and obstruct the resulting radiative surface cooling. This leads to the formation of a greenhouse-like effect, causing UHI. Furthermore, the magnitude of UHI has been positively correlated with the size of the urban population of a city in some studies (Hung et al., 2005), while it was found to have be independent of urban population density in other studies (Kim and Baik, 2004). Hung et al. (2005) have found a maximum UHI of 8 °C in the city of Bangkok where the population is of 11 million, while they have observed a maximum UHI of 7 °C in the city of Shanghai where the population density reaches 12.55 million. The population affects heat generation in 2 ways: directly, as an increased density of people results in increased human metabolisms; and indirec tly, as an increased population is typically correlated with a higher number of buildings and vehicles, as well as an increased industrial activity and pollutants concentration [18]. To summarize the factors affecting the UHI, Oke et al.[7] indicates the following key factors: a decrease in radiative heat loss (canyon effect), an increase in thermal storage within the buildings of the urban areas, the release of anthropogenic heat, the reduction of evaporative cooling and turbulent heat transfer in street canyons, in addition to some other minor factors [4]. Following is a list of the factors affecting urban temperature City Scale (S: Site Area in meter square) The UHI is believed to be more intense in large cities where the cumulative effect of the urban warming of numerous street canyons is combined and increases the intensity of the UHI compared to cities of a smaller scale. Thermal Properties of the Construction Material (surface absorptivity (m) and albedo) of Buildings and of the Street Surface Material A study that was conducted in Singapore in order to investigate the most important factors causing the UHI, found that the buildings’ facade materials and colors had a significant impact on the local climate by increasing the temperature in the center of a canyon by up to 2.5 °C, in the case where the facade material had high surface absorptivity (Rajagopalan et al, 2008) [22]. Geometry Orientation of the urban area, includes Building Density (FA/S), Aspect Ratio (the ratio of the Height of Building over the Width of Street), and the Orientation of the street canyon, relative to the incident solar radiation. Urban geometry has a major role in the heat build-up in urban areas. Urban canyon can be designed in a way that improves natural ventilation within the city, hence enhancing heat release. Moreover, the orientation of a street canyon has the key role in determining the quantity of solar radiation that the canyon surfaces receive [22]. As the aspect ratio increases, shading increases, and air temperatures subsequently decrease, especially during some hours of the day [31]. Vegetation The evapotranspiration process from vegetation is another means of urban surfaces cooling, especially in mid and low latitudes having warm arid climatic conditions. Urban areas having abundant impervious surfaces have usually more runoff water than their rural surroundings. The runoff water quickly drains and less surface water becomes available for evapotranspiration in the long run, consequently influencing the urban surface energy balance. This results in a decreased evapotranspiration rate in urban areas which is a main contributor in higher daytime temperatures [22]. Anthropogenic Heat (population density, Number of cars, HVAC system): It mainly originates from heat emissions coming from vehicles and air conditioners. Even though indoor cooling (using air conditioners) improves the indoor thermal comfort of residents in a building, the waste heat dissipated into the outside environment negatively affects the outdoor urban thermal environment. Studies show that air conditioners can cause significant heat accumulation (Chow et al, 2000). Nevertheless, this issue is currently addressed by implementing central air-conditioning systems in many commercial buildings of major cities. Using this method, the heat dissipation takes place using cooling towers (Kikegawa et al, 2003; Kolokotroni et al, 2006) [22].

Top 10 Natural Disasters

-Rank: 1st -Criteria for Ranking: 306 death (the most deadly earthquake in year 2012) -Date: August 11, 2012 -Location: East Azerbaijan Province, Iran -Type: Twin earthquakes (Magnitude 6. 3 and 6. 4) -Description: The earthquake resulted in an estimated 306 deaths, over 5000 injured, most of houses destroyed. -Sources of information: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Earthquakes_in_2012#cite_note-98 and http://earthquake. usgs. gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/usb000bupa. php#details -Rank: 2nd -Criteria for Ranking: 30 killed, 109 missing Date: June 1, 2012 -Location: Bugimwera village, Uganda -Type: Landslide -Description: The landslide resulted in 30 deaths and more than 100 were still missing. There were about 400,000 people required humanitarian help. A great number of houses were destroyed and over 3000 need to be resettled -Sources of information: http://www. huffingtonpost. com/2012/06/26/mount-elgon-landslide-2012-missing-uganda_n_1626893. html and http://www. rnw. nl/africa /article/hundreds-homeless-many-watchful-after-uganda-mudslide Rank: 3rd -Criteria for Ranking: 113 death -Date: February 6, 2012 -Location: Visayas, Philippines (near island of Negros, and Cebu) -Type: Earthquake (Magnitude 6. 7) -Description: The earthquake resulted in an estimated 113 deaths, about 112 injured; about 15,000 buildings and 17 bridges were destroyed. -Sources of information: http://earthquake. usgs. gov/earthquakes/eqinthenews/2012/usb0007wgq/#summary and http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Earthquakes_in_2012#September -Rank: 4th -Criteria for Ranking: 81 death Date: September 7, 2012 -Location: Yiliang, Zhaotong, Yunnan Province, China -Type: Earthquake (Magnitude 5. 6) -Description: The earthquake resulted in an estimated 81 deaths, about 821 injured; more than 6600 houses were flattened and thousands were damaged; about $552 million lost in the earthquake. -Sources of information: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/2012_Yunnan_earthquakes -Rank: 5th -Criteria for Ranking : 77 death -Date: June 29, 2012 -Location: Brahmaputra River, State of Assam, northeastern India -Type: Flood Description: 77 were killed in the flood, over 2 million people and 2084 villages were affected. -Sources of information: http://india. blogs. nytimes. com/2012/09/24/floods-and-landslides-kill-dozens-in-north-east-india/ and http://www. nytimes. com/2012/06/30/world/asia/india-floods-swamp-more-than-2000-villages. html -Rank: 6th -Criteria for Ranking: 75 death -Date: June 11, 2012 -Location: Baghlan Province, Afghanistan -Type: Earthquakes (Magnitude 5. 4 and 5. 7) -Description: The earthquake resulted in an estimated 75 deaths, about 13 injured.The earthquake causes mountains in the Hindu Kush region to break off. Sayi Hazara was completely destroyed that only one home survived. -Sources of information: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/June_2012_Afghanistan_earthquakes -Rank: 7th -Criteria for Ranking: 27 death -Date: May 20, 2012 -Location: Emilia-Romagna, Italy -Type: Ear thquakes (Magnitude 6. 1 and 5. 8) -Description: The earthquake resulted in an estimated 27 deaths, about 400 injured (50 in the first earthquake and 350 in the second).It also caused more than 45,000 people lost their home. -Sources of information: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/2012_Northern_Italy_earthquakes -Rank: 8th -Criteria for Ranking: 20 death -Date: September 23, 2012 -Location: Northeastern states of Sikkim and Assam, India -Type: Floods and landslides -Description: 20 people died, 1. 3 million of people were affected by flood, over 200,000 of people lost their houses. -Sources of information: http://india. blogs. nytimes. com/2012/09/24/floods-and-landslides-kill-dozens-in-north-east-india/ Rank: 9th -Criteria for Ranking: 17 death -Date: November 4, 2012 -Location: Andhra Pradesh, India -Type: Flood -Description: The flood resulted in 17 deaths and destroyed more than 1246 houses. Crops were destroyed over 243,634 hectares. Roads were also heavily damaged. -Sources of information: http://www. disaster-report. com/2012/11/recent-natural-disasters-list-november-4. html -Rank: 10th -Criteria for Ranking: 8 death -Date: February 29, 2012 -Location: Harrisburg, Illinois, the United States -Type: Tornado (EF-4)

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Eight Stages Of Genocide - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2186 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/10/30 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Genocide Essay Did you like this example? The term genocide was first introduced by Raphael Lemkin to first describe the Holocaust (US Holocaust Memorial Museum). He stated that by By genocide, we mean the destruction of a nation of an ethnic group (US Holocaust Memorial Museum). There are eight stages of genocide which are predictable but not inevitable (Stanton). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Eight Stages Of Genocide" essay for you Create order During each of these eight stages, preventative measures could be taken to end it (Stanton). This is a non-linear process and logically the later stages of genocide have to be preceded by previous stages, however, all stages will continue to operate throughout the entire process of genocide (Stanton). These eight stages of genocide are classification, symbolization, dehumanization, organization, polarization, preparation, extermination, and denial (Stanton). All of these stages can be applied to the study of the Jewish Holocaust and the first six stages are the early warning signs. The Holocaust took place in between 1933 and 1945 (Paulsson, 2017). It resulted in the murder of six million Jewish people which was called the Final Solution (Paulsson, 2017). It began with the first stage of classification. In classification, you have an us versus them mentality (Stanton). A society will begin to distinguish by nationality, ethnicity, race, or religion (Stanton). Classification is the main way to divided society and it creates a power struggle between groups (Stanton). In Germany, they divided the German and the Jew (Stanton). The racist part of Nazi ideology was rooted in 19th-century theories of human differences based on race and was connected to imperialism and social Darwinism (Dekmejian, 2007, p. 247). In the Nazi ideology, these theories of race became mixed with traditional European antisemitism to produce a doctrine against the Jewish people (Dekmejian, 2007, p. 248). Jews were classified as Untermenschen, meaning subhuman people in German (Dekmejian, 2007, p. 248). They were blamed for Germanys defeat in World War I, for communism, and were viewed as a threat to Germans (Dekmejian, 2007, p. 248). Films were used to spread anti-semitism, to depict Jewish people are subhuman (My Jewish Learning). For Example, The Eternal Jew in 1940 depicted th em as wandering parasites who chase sex and money and destroy others cultures (My Jewish Learning). German newspapers regularly printed anti-semitic caricatures of Jews and after the German invasion of Poland, they depicted Jews as not only subhuman but enemies of the German Reich (My Jewish Learning). Stage two which is symbolization is where people are given names or other symbols to go with the classifications (Stanton). However, the first two stages of classification and symbolization will not result in genocide unless dehumanization the next stage of dehumanization also occurs according to the Eight Stages of Genocide (Stanton). However, the dehumanization was happening in these first two stages as well. Jews as unwilling members of the pariah group during this time had the yellow star imposed on them as a symbol to (Stanton). This yellow star was inscribed with the word jude meaning Jew in German (Rosenburg, 2018). Before it was imposed on all are a symbol, the star was used as vandalism when it was painted on the windows of Jewish owned businesses (Rosenburg, 2018). This was after the Nazis declared a boycott against them, however, it was before top leaders had discussed imposing as a symbol to wear (Rosenburg, 2018). After the Kristallnacht in 1938, it was first suggested as a badge and after the beginning of the Second World War in 1939 that it was to be imposed on all Jews over ten years of age in Germany as well as occupied territories (Rosenburg, 2018). However, it was not until 1941 that this was finally implemented (Rosenburg, 2018). This yellow star badge helped the Nazis to visually label Jewish people (Rosenburg, 2018). Now all Jews could be seen, not just the stereotypical and religious ones who already dressed a certain way (Rosenburg, 2018). This would leave them all vulnerable to future attacks (Rosenburg, 2018). This was very humiliating to Jews and a step back to before the Middle Ages, before they were emancipated (Rosenburg, 2018). Not only did this badge represent humiliation for the Jews, but it also now represented a real fear (Rosenburg, 2018). The third stage is dehumanization which is where one group denies the humanity of another group (Stanton). Members of the dehumanized group are compared to animals, vermin, insects, disease (Stanton). With dehumanization, the perpetrators of a genocide, in this case, the Nazis will overcome the natural human revulsion against murder (Stanton). In this stage, hate speech and incitement against the targeted group increases over the radio, in print, and so on and it did during the Holocaust too (Stanton). Examples are from earlier with the films mentioned, the printed caricatures and the list goes on. The fourth stage is organization. Genocide is always organized and it is usually done so by the state (Stanton). Special army units or militias are often trained and united for this purpose and armed (Stanton). During this time, plans are made to carry out genocidal killings (Stanton). While the Nazis debated how to solve the Jewish question, it began to impose a totalitarian system in order to establish the legal and organizational framework necessary to victimize the Jewish people (Dekmejian, 2007, p. 248). Soon after Hitler took power and after the dehumanization, Hitler went into th e third phase with calling for war against the Jews (Dekmejian, 2007, p. 249). During this time, the complex task of Aktionen, the coordination, and implementation of genocide was entrusted to Heydrichs Schutzstaffel (defense echelons) and its ancillary elements (Dekmejian, 2007, p. 248). These consisted of the Einsatzgruppen (Mobile killing squads) and the Totenkopfverb? ¤nde (Death head units), there was also the Gestapo (the secret police), and the Order Police (Ordnungspolizei) which all would participate in what came to be known as the Final Solution (Dekmejian, 2007, p. 251). During this time, a structure of ghettos and concentration camps was also put in place, with Eichmann pushing the Madagascar Plan in mid-1940, and this was followed by attempts to expatriate limited numbers of Jews (Dekmejian, 2007, p. 251). The fifth stage is polarization. During this time, extremists will drive the groups apart and hate groups or governments will ramp up the broadcasting of propaganda against the targeted group (Stanton). Laws may forbid marriage or social intera ction of those who have been othered, in the case of the Holocaust, the Jews (Stanton). There are many examples. After Hitler became Chancellor in 1933, he began to polarize with prohibiting Jews from owning land (Dekmejian, 2007, p. 250). In 1934, Jews were banned from the German Labor Front, the same year they were also denied national health insurance (Dekmejian, 2007, p. 250). In 1935, Jews were banned from military service and this polarization only slowed down in 1936 when the Olympic Games were held in Berlin (Dekmejian, 2007, p. 250). In 1937, Jews were banned from professional occupations and denied tax reductions and in 1938, they were forced to register their wealth and property and businesses (Dekmejian, 2007, p. 250). In July of 1938, Jews were forced to apply for identity cards and their passports were stamped with large Js as Jews to prevent them from seeking asylum in other countries (Dekmejian, 2007, p. 250). Violent attacks will increase against a group during this time and the Kristallnacht or the Night of Broken Glass is an example in this stage of p olarization (Dekmejian, 2007, p. 250). The next stage of genocide is preparation. During this stage, the victims are identified and separated because of their ethnic or religious identity (Stanton). Death lists can be drawn up during this time, members are again forced to wear identifying symbols like the yellow star badge the Jews had to wear during the Holocaust (Stanton). Their property and businesses can be expropriated and they can often be segregated into ghettos during this phase and after that deported to concentration camps (Stanton). They can also be confined to famine-affected regions during this time and starved to death (Stanton). This is when a genocide emergency must be declared if it were to happen again today (Stanton). In 1939, Goring ordered Heydrich to speed up the emigration of Jews as Hitler threatened Jews in the Reichstag speech and in the same year, a Decree regarding employment of Jews allowed the Nazi regime to take them as forced labor (Dekmejian, 2007, p. 250). After Germany invaded Poland in September of 1939, Heydrich issued instruct ions to the Einsatzgruppen there to begin ghettoization and it was followed by the forced labor of Polish Jews (Dekmejian, 2007, p. 250). In 1940, the Auschwitz concentration camp was established in Poland as others were being established (Dekmejian, 2007, p. 250). The next or seventh stage is extermination. This is when the mass killing quickly begins and legally can be called genocide (Stanton). The killers call it extermination rather than killing because to them, their victims are not real humans (Stanton). When a genocide is officially sponsored by a state, the armed forces often work closely with militias in order to carry out these killings (Stanton). At this stage of genocide, only rapid and overwhelming military intervention can put an end to the genocide (Stanton). In this case, the Final Solution or the Nazi plan for the Jews of Europe, now called the Holocaust now took place without any intervention to prevent it. This took place from 1942 to 1945 (Dekmejian, 2007, p. 252). There were previous pogroms and mass killings in Europe in 1941 in Ukraine, Poland, Romania, Yugoslavia, Lithuania, Latvia, and they were precursors to it (Dekmejian, 2007, p. 252). They were successful to test the Third Reich plans for mass murder and the semina l event to enable the Final Solution was the Wannsee Conference in January of 1942 (Dekmejian, 2007, p. 252). This is where they concerned themselves and worked out the details over the administration and the coordination that would be needed in order to carry out the mass killing (Dekmejian, 2007, p. 252). Heyrich in the role of chief executioner controlled the millions of Jews who were to be forced into over a dozen ghettos and fifteen concentration camps (Dekmejian, 2007, p. 253). In December 1941, Chelmno concentration camp began to process Jews with carbon monoxide and after that Zyklon B gas and similar operations began to be carried out in the other concentration camps (Dekmejian, 2007, p. 253). This continued and the fear of defeat during the second world war made the Nazis panic and speed up their exterminations (Dekmejian, 2007, p. 253). After Germany surrendered, it was discovered throughout a span of twelve years, it had exterminated over six million Jews or three-fourths of European Jewry (Dekmejian, 2007, p. 253). The eighth and final stage is denial and it always follows a genocide (Stanton). It is one of the indicators that further genocides could happen (Stanton). Those who perpetrated the genocide will dig up mass graves, burn bodies, and attempt to hide the evidence of their crimes in other ways and even go to intimidate witnesses and survivors into silence (Stanton). Not only will they attempt to deny their crimes, but they will often blame th e victims for what they did to them (Stanton). If they can, they will attempt to block the investigation of their crimes or if they can, they will flee if they cannot hold power (Stanton). In the case of the Holocaust, there was coded language as it was going on and most of the orders were verbal rather than written down to keep it a secret (US Holocaust Memorial Museum). This would make it easier for those to deny it later. On top of that, Himmler attempted to hide the truth of the Holocaust from the advancing allied armies through burning bodies and to attempt to destroy forensic evidence (US Holocaust Memorial Museum). The SS forced the prisoners of camps to dig up mass graves and to burn more bodies to rid themselves of evidence of their mass murders (US Holocaust Memorial Museum). The Nazis also sent Jews from ghettos away in an attempt to make them seem less crowded, planted flowers, remodeled them, and allowed the Red Cross to visit them for only six hours in a hoax to hide the horrors (US Holocaust Memorial Museum). Despite all of this, some perpetrators, victims, and witnesses talked about it and more and more information began to leak out and the Nazis contin uined a misinformation campaign to confuse the international community (US Holocaust Memorial Museum). During the war, the allies made up many stories about the Nazis to gain support for the war efforts, therefore when truth about the Holocaust came out, many were skeptical because of previous lies (US Holocaust Memorial Museum). Today there are deniers who still exist. Some do so out of ignorance, however, many still do so out of hateful, political, anti-semitic reasons (US Holocaust Memorial Museum). Others claim that it is a hoax perpetuated by Jews to advance their interests today which is very concerning and sounds like the anti-semitic propaganda before the Holocaust (US Holocaust Memorial Museum). Others claim it is a hoax created to advance Israels goals and others deny it because they again want to advance their own modern day Nazi movements (US Holocaust Memorial Museum). Holocaust denial is a very serious problem that unites far right radical groups who want to promote new Naziism and Islamist groups who seek to destroy Israel (US Holocaust Memorial Museum). This cannot go ignored or unchallenged because this is how hate can rise and get out of control which is what can lead to a genocide if the world ignores it.