Public Personnel Administration And Collective Bargaining

Public Personnel Administration and Collective Bargaining. In chapter five, the author retrospectively revises the roots of the various reforms applied to managing human capital in the public sector. Since 1789 there have been three comprehensive periods that divide the progress of personnel practice in the United States. 1- The era of the â€Å"gentlemen† that occurred from 1789 until 1828. This era began with President Washington’s first administration and ended with the appointment of President Jackson in 1829. President Washington understood that his administration would be setting the standards in all aspects of public sector administration, therefore he focused on giving administrative roles to those who he considered of great character. Even when these appointees had little political experience. These selected candidates were usually upper class, their character and integrity made them models for others and even with little expertise in public administrative roles, they proved to be fast learners and talented. President Washington learned as time went by, that skills and integrity were not enough, so he started to look for political loyalty among the candidate’s characteristics. In 1801 during his administration, President Jefferson sought to appoint political roles equita bly to create a balance between Republicans and federalists. 2- The â€Å"spoiler system† was institutionalized by President Jackson and went from 1829 until 1882. President Jackson articulated uponShow MoreRelatedLabor And The Collective Bargaining Process978 Words   |  4 Pagesactors who are generally involved in the collective bargaining process are Management but more specifically, the owners and shareholders, executives and managers and the industrial and human resource people. In the collective bargaining process in labor it is the individual employees and the labor unions which represent them. In local, state, and federal government agencies and the public. It is the government agencies that act as representatives of the public interest and are responsible for makingRead MoreEffectiveness Of Joint Collaboration Between Unions And Management1414 Words   |  6 Pagesconfrontational when he assumed the role of city manager. His experiences with collective bargaining were in very traditional bargaining environments and he had very little experience with interest-based bargaining. This case traces the impact on service, costs, and capacity for problem solving, by demonstrating the conduct of collective bargaining, non-bargaining interactions, and contract administration with the city s three bargaining units. This paper explores the effectiveness of joint collaboration betweenRead Moreindustrial relations systems in India1700 Words   |  7 Pagesincluding human resource management, employee relations, and union-management relations. Industrial relations refer to to the study and practice of collective bargaining, trade unionism, and labour-management relations, while human resource management is a distinct, largely distinct field that deals with non-union employment relationships and the personnel practices and policies of employers. The aim of this report is to shape the formal industrial relations system in India and comparing it to AustralianRead MorePatco Strike1007 Words   |  5 PagesAviation Administration (FAA). The Professional Air Traffic Controller Organization was originated in 1968 with support of attorney and pilot F. Lee Bailey. The details regarding the history, the union, and the procedures during the strike will be discussed. Accordingly, I will briefly review aspects including, but not limiting, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). PATCO Strike PATCO history Earlier to their actual instituting in 1958, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) wasRead MorePublic Personnel1044 Words   |  5 PagesAssignment 1: Public Personnel Today Abstract Defining the needs of public personnel today, analyzing and explaining critical trends affecting the growth of public personnel today, analyzing and evaluating strategies needed to create a diversified workforce as well as strategies the government must address to sustain union membership and representation among public employees will be outlined in the following pages. Public personnel are the employees of federal, state, local, and nonprofit organizationsRead MorePublic Sector Human Resources Management Memorandum1112 Words   |  5 PagesPUBLIC SECTOR HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT MEMORANDUM To: The State Personnel Board – New Mexico From: Annie Nguyen, Human Resources Analyst Subject: Reclassification for Employees of the State of New Mexico Date: November 24th, 2015 CC: Human Resources Director, State of New Mexico ________________________________________ I. Issue Identification: This memo presents an analysis of the employment classifications for the state employees of New Mexico, specifically an analysis of the discrepanciesRead MoreA Theoretical Framework On The Literature913 Words   |  4 PagesA theoretical framework on the literature The rapid growth in recent years of collective bargaining in the public sector has stimulated considerable interest in the consequences of public sector unionization. In particular, debate over the desirability of unionization, collective bargaining, and the right to strike of public employees is often accompanied by untested assertions regarding the pay for municipalities that are unionized against those that are non-unionized. Given this back drop thisRead MoreThe History of Human Resource Management1460 Words   |  6 Pageslegally authorized to hold a  collective bargaining agreement, HR will also serve as the companys primary liaison with the employees representatives (usually a  labor union). HR is a product of the  human relations movement  of the early 20th century, when researchers began documenting ways of creating business value through the strategic management of the workforce. The function was initially dominated by transactional work such aspayroll  and  benefits  administration, but due to  globalization, companyRead MoreHrm Assessment1167 Words   |  5 Pagesemployment policies, programmes and practices.† (John Bratton / Jeffrey Gold; Human Resource Management Theory And Practice, 2003) Although the terms Human Resource Management and Personnel Management are commonly used interchangeably, research has shown there are substantial differences between the two. Personnel Management focuses more on the management of employees and dealing with administrative tasks such as employment laws, contractual obligations and the payroll of the company, encompassingRead MoreSingle Spine Pay Structure in Ghana1266 Words   |  6 Pagessimply means having a single pay plan whereby employees in the same pay scale are paid equally. The new public sector pay policy came into effect from 1st July, 2010 as a unified salary structure that places all public sector employees on one vertical structure with incremental pay points from the lowest to the highest level. The aim of the pay policy is to attract, retain and motivate public service workers to enhance effectiveness in service delivery and improved productivity. The salary structure

Premarital Sex A Morally Issue Free Essays

Pre-marital sex, young Catholics know it is wrong. So why do they do it? Most teenagers have heard or coined the phrases â€Å"everyone†s doing it.† â€Å"If you loved me you†d do it† and also â€Å"It†s okay I have a condom. We will write a custom essay sample on Premarital Sex: A Morally Issue or any similar topic only for you Order Now † Sex before marriage can be harmful to your body, your future, but the scariest of all your eternity. In this paper we shall look more into the Catholic point of view on pre-marital bliss. The purpose of sex is to unite a married couple as one loving body in consummating a marriage, to leave the possibility of procreation open, and to and to educate a child. The purpose of sex is to unite a married couple as one loving body. This is because God†s intention in creating the first man and woman was for them to love and create more men and women. To do so a married couple must join as one loving body or to have sexual intercourse. In having intercourse the first time in a marriage you are consummating the marriage therefore making the marriage official in the eyes of God. The Catechism of the Catholic Church says: â€Å"the union of man and woman in marriage is a way of imitating the flesh in the creators generosity and fecundity: ‘Therefore . . . and they become one flesh† (Gen4:24) All human generations proceed from this union† (Catechism 2335). Sex is meant for mature individuals who are prepared to face the consequences of sex. Two of the biggest fears in premarital sex are STDs (sexually transmitted diseases) and unwanted pregnancy. A married individual normally does not have to deal with such problems. This is because at the average age of marriage most STDs are not common. Second, in a marriage a couple normally wants a child to care for. However, teenagers do not want these responsibilities. Which leads to common use of contraceptives in teen sex. Sex is meant to leave an opening for procreation. Contraceptives are commonly used in premarital sex. These are used to prevent unwanted pregnancy and STDs. How can one use a condom and leave an opening for a child to be conceived? The Bible says â€Å"God blessed man and woman with the words: ‘Be fruitful and multiply†Ã¢â‚¬  (GS 50). Condom, the most popular choice for a contraceptive, is a latex cover for the male phallus, which prevents the sperm from entering the vagina and making it†s way to the egg. In humans sexual reproduction is done through intercourse. When the sperm meets the egg. When a condom does fail there is a high risk of catching a STD or having an unwanted pregnancy. In the chance of a pregnancy there are alternatives such as raising the child on your own, giving it up for abortion, and the sinful way out, having an abortion. Abortion is a mortal sin because it is the death of an unborn child. The Catechism of the Catholic Church states: â€Å"By its very nature the institution of marriage and married love is ordered to the procreation and education of the offspring and is in them that it finds their crowning glory† (1652, 460). Raising a child on your own is not impossible however it is not easy. Finally, Sex is meant to aid in educating a child. Without sex there is no child. In the cases of teen-parents, it is not probable that the child will grow up with the proper education. This is most probable because the teens themselves are still learning. In the instances of single parent parenting, the education can be very tedious. It would be tedious because the single parent would have to play the role of the mother and the father as well. Such examples prove that sex inside of marriage is the simplest choice. One would not have as many issues to face and will be able to raise a family almost problem free. In parenting there will naturally be problems too, however when an adult is there to help their children they have the personal experience and moral guidance needed to lead the offspring off on the right foot. The Catechism of the Catholic Church states: † Parents are the principle and first educators of their children. In this sense the fundamental task of marriage and family is to be at the service of life† (1653, 461). When your child comes to you and tell you that their boy/girlfriend is pressuring them for sex you can be able to tell them to abstain. â€Å"Abstinence is the only safe and morally correct form of contraception†. In conclusion, sex is meant to unite a married couple as one loving body in consummating a marriage, to leave the possibility of procreation open and to and to educate a child. The previous information has shown sex to only be moral and truly worry free in a marriage. â€Å"Let the Hebrews marry, at the age fit for it, virgins that are free, and born of good parents. But if the damsel be convicted, as having been corrupted, and is one of the common people, let her be stoned, because she did not preserve her virginity till she were lawfully married; but if she were the daughter of a priest let her be burnt alive† (Pastor David, Virginity/Marriage, 1) How to cite Premarital Sex: A Morally Issue, Papers

Petroleum Potential of the Dutch North Sea (L15 Block)

Question: Describe the Petroleum Geology and Basin Analysis? Answer: 1. Abstract Here in this report the study is made on the petroleum drilling in the Dutch North Sea area and the drilling engineering is understood in this report. The report is mainly based on understanding the petroleum potential structure in the North Basin area. It has been found that the petroleum extracted from the North Sea area is facing price rise due to the advance technology introduced in the area. To understand the issue it is important to understand the entire structure or mechanism of drilling of petroleum. The entire report deals with that. Here in this report the geological setting of petroleum system in the North Sea basin is discussed, the tectonical structure and the stratigraphy structure of the basin is discussed. Further the study is made on the burial and thermal history of the basin. Then the discussion is done and the detailed study is presented on the petroleum potential structure of the North Sea Basin. The source rocks, reservoirs and the seals and traps are studied in this report. After all this studies a conclusion is drawn that represent the summary of the report and the detailed study made in this report. 2. Introduction The North Sea Basin spreads and region of 625,000 km2 and is lies north of the Netherlands and in the middle of Norway and Great Britain. In the north it is limited by the mainland rack edge. It is a geological low and can be partitioned into a few sub-bowls (A healthy North Sea ecosystem and a healthy North Sea fishery: two sides of the same regulation, 1994). The region has a dynamic tectonic history and statement has shifted between the diverse bowls. In this study the center will be on structural improvement and the stratigraphy from the Silesian (125 Ma) until later. A connection to the depositional history and the paleo environment will be made. This is carried out to have the capacity to show conceivable source shakes, repositories and seals for oil creation, the primary industry of the locale (Mayer-GuÃÅ'ˆrr, 1976). 2.1 Geologic Setting The present North Sea Basin, lies between three jumping massifs: the Norwegian Caledonides, the London Brabant Massif and the topographic high of Great Britain. The Norwegian Caledonides have been a topographic high since the Carboniferous, while the other two massifs were inspired above ocean level amid the Early Tertiary. The depositional setting for the late Pliocene to Pleistocene chilly and glaciomarine progression in the region is acquired from a long topographical history that influenced the basinal range and the dregs source zone. Tectonic action that created the present structural make up can be followed back to Permian and Carboniferous times (Mead, 2012). Three fundamental cracking stages happened amid Carboniferous to Permian, late Mid Jurassic to Early Cretaceous and late cretaceous to Early Eocene times. Albeit extensional tectonics in the North Sea and in contiguous areas of the North Sea started as ahead of schedule as the late Carboniferous, however the mainland divi sion in the middle of Greenland and Norway was launched first after the late Paleocene (A North Sea School of Architecture?: Nidaros Cathedral's Romanesque Transepts and North Sea Medieval Architecture, 2012). The Early Permian-Triassic breaking in the North Sea region is ineffectively compelled. Amid Jurassicearly Cretaceous, the North Sea locale endured huge breaking. This fracturing finished in the soonest Cretaceous and moved to the More, Voring and FaroeShetland bowls. After this period, the North Sea Basin thermally subsided and was loaded with silt sourced from the encompassing landmasses, intruded on intermittently by bowl reversal. Crustal augmentation stayed amid Late Paleozoic in the mainland outside layer fragment in the middle of Norway and Greenland, and proceeded in a few cracking scenes amid the Mesozoic. Crustal augmentation influenced external parts of the More and Voring bowls amid Late Cretaceous Paleocene, which later on moved towards the focal piece of the bowl s with the progression of the passage of time (North Sea oil: Women not at sea, 1985). 2.1.1 Tectonic history; how the basin formed 1. Caledonian geosynclinals stage (Cambrian-Devonian). Transformative and meddling rocks of Caledonian age structure the storm cellar unpredictable for a significant part of the North Sea region. The north-eastern limit of the Caledonian fold belt at this stage can't be characterized more nearly than as an evident pattern from the focal North Sea through northern Germany into Poland. 2. Variscan geosynclinals stage. Devonian and Carboniferous testimony transgressed from the south over the dissolved Caledonides and arrived at greatest thickness in the southern North Sea, a territory which framed piece of the Variscan fore deep (Alvarez, 1986).3. Permian-Triassic intracratonic stage. Taking after the Variscan orogeny vast parts of the North Sea were possessed by the quickly subsiding intracratonic Northern and Southern Permian bowls. These bowls contain a thick arrangement of clastic and evaporite stores.4. Cracking pathogenic stage. Advancement of the North Sea fracture framework began amid the Triassic and overwhelmed the pale geographic setting of the zone amid the Jurassic and Cretaceous (Pegrum, Rees and Naylor, 1975). The advancement of the North Sea crack is identified with the improvement of the Arctic North Atlantic break zone. The recent arrived at the phase of crustal division in the early Tertiary, at which time the North Sea break got to be idle.5. Ter tiary, post rifting phase of provincial bowl subsidence. With the end of fracturing developments in the North Sea the zone got to be liable to local subsidence prompting the advancement of a symmetrical, saucer-molded intracratonic bowl (Bottom irregularities in the North Sea, 1977). The late Tertiary Rhone-Rhine crack framework does not reach out into the North Sea and postdates the North Sea break. 2.1.2 Stratigraphy: how the basin was filled In Paleogene the Rogland Group was saved and is made out of the shallow marine shale, minimal marine sandstone and volcanic stores that are of Eocene age. The Neogene contains the Hordaland and Nordland bunches (Phelps and Lake, 1924). The lower Neogene progression speaks to the profound water sedimentation, as showed by the development of the contourite silt float over the sub marine unconformity. The upper Neogene speak to a time of provincial change that demonstrates a significant offshore move (progradation) of the mainland edge that could be because of subsidence. The building of the rack slant shows increment in silt supply because of inspire and disintegration (Reis, 1996). The Nordland Group of Early Miocene-Recent age is of prime criticalness in present study and its principle viewpoints as foundation for the present study is displayed underneath. Utsira formation: The Utsira Formation is of Middle-Late Miocene age and was stored in the northern North Sea range, predominantly inside the Norwegian segment, between the Jaeren High and the Tampen Spur. This arrangement demonstrates a complex depositional structural engineering which fluctuates with scope. Around 58 N in the southern Viking Graben, the arrangement structures goliath mounded sand framework with scattered interims of mud stone. This sand hill is squeezing primarily out both eastward and westward (Bradley and Gipson, 1987). Around 59 N the Utsira Formation is portrayed by square sandstone in lower part, while the upper part demonstrates an acceptable upward coarsening pattern in well logs. In the northern Viking Graben (60- 61 N), the Utsira Formation, spoke to by a mounded sandstone body, for the most part comprises of square sandstone with subordinate mud stone interims. In its northward augmentation to Tampen zone the Utsira Formation is shown by a think unit of glauconitic sand (Roberts, 1985). The Utsira Formation is considered time proportional to the Molo arrangement. The Naust Formation: The formation is made out of sand, residue, mud and infrequently coarse grained clastic silt. The arrangement speaks to Pliocene to Pleistocene strata on the Norwegian mainland rack. The Naust Formation is circulated everywhere throughout the Mid- Norwegian mainland rack. The arrangement is involved a westward ace reviewing thick progression of Plio-Pleistocene strata on the rack and comprises of a few unintelligible seismic units of till, glaciogenic flotsam and jetsam and slide stores (Russell and Bijaksana, 2012). The cold seismic units of the Naust Formation are bury stratified with entomb frosty stores. The Naust Formation down laps onto the Kai Formation and is in the eastward course limited beneath by the Molo Formation. A few ages have been appointed to the base of the Naust Formation, yet the age that has been most broadly utilized is 2.7 to 2.8 (Ma). This age has been allocated on the premise of the bio stratigraphic information related with the remote ocean boring centres (Brouwer and Shawcross, 1964). 3. Petroleum element within the basin The historical source of rocks is very important and litho logic character that attracts the eyes of the researchers in this field (The North Sea., 1976). The source rocks brings the definition of the petroleum system present in the North Sea Basin that includes several different basins that together makes the worlds most important petroleum source that provides supply of power generation to the entire globe. The petroleum system in the North Sea Basin includes the Moray Firth Ground, Viking Graben and the Central Graben. The petroleum system includes the Mandal Ekofisk petroleum system which is defined and described by the Cornford in the year 1994 (Buydos, n.d.). It was decided to treat the entire system of petroleum in the North Sea Basin as a single petroleum system because to make it simple and through the detailed study of the source rocks and hydrocarbons relationship, it was found that the properties of the entire system was almost same. Hence, it was decided to treat the ent ire system as a single petroleum system. The analysis of the properties in the North Sea Basin is discussed in details in the following points: 3.1 Source Rocks To know what petroleum is it is important to know the source of petroleum. Petroleum is formed from the organic substances that were buried under the soil for a long period since the Jurassic age (Walton, 2011). The marine shale of the Jurassic periods is important source of petroleum throughout the world. It was found that the sea level rose which led to the burring of the marine shale under the water. The high organic productive material got buried under the land and the water depth increased during the Jurassic period. This resulted in the anoxic bottom water in the areas of bathymetric basins. This further resulted in thick accumulation of organic hydrocarbon rich shale that led to the preservation of rich organic materials in the deep basins of the North Sea. During that period the rifting reached to its maximum and the organic materials started burring under the soil. Due to the rise of the water level the soil mudstones got buried under the sea water and the source rocks of pe troleum in this area came under the sea. Later in the man period this areas were discovered and the petroleum was extracted from this area. The basin contains a huge source rocks that are still yet not converted into petroleum and will need many more years to get converted into petroleum products (Churchill, 1977). Experiments and researches were done and it was found that this area includes source rocks that were similar in nature and the properties of the source rocks were almost same. This led to declare the entire basin as a single petroleum source and it was decided to treat it as a single petroleum system. 3.2 Reservoirs The entire petroleum system in the North Sea basin is made out of same type of source rocks. This area has huge reservoirs of petroleum that has been extracted since a number of years. These reservoirs are mainly found in the sea shores and few of it is found in the land areas. The entire Petroleum system includes the reservoirs mainly in the North Sea area (Warme, Douglas and Winterer, 1981). These reservoirs are mainly distributed in the area with time and space; the diverse characteristics of the reservoirs are the result of the complex geological structure in the area. The reservoirs are grouped into three main categories that are the pre rift reservoirs of the Jurassic age, pre rift reservoirs of the middle or early age and the post rift reservoirs. These reservoirs are distributed in the North Sea basin uniformly and are used for the extraction of petroleum and gas products that are the main source of energy for the entire globe in the present day. The most of the area in the N orth Sea Basin is covered with the Pre rift reservoirs of the Jurassic period, and then stands the pre rift reservoirs of the middle age and after that stand the Post rift reservoirs. The post rift reservoirs are situated in the 57 degree North in the Basin (Coakley and Stein, 2010). Figure: Burial curves for several location in the North Sea Basin (HARKER, STUART D., Occidental Petro, 1991) Figure: Showing the approximate depth of the craterous rocks in the North Sea Basin (HARKER, STUART D., Occidental Petro, 1991) 3.3 Seals traps In the areas near the Southern part of the North Sea area the Zechstein evaporates that serves as a source of several seals and traps in the central and northern North Sea area. This seals and traps areas are the source and accumulation of the hydrocarbons that are the source of energy for the globalized world. These hydrocarbons are matched by several different varieties of seals and tarps in the area (Gautier, 2005). Gas and Oil is found in the area of the North Sea Basin in the Pre Rift reservoirs that are found to be in tilted position that has fault in the blocks where seals are formed along with fine grained and post rift sedimentary sequences that are the part of the Jurassic structure in the area. If the examples are taken the Auk and the Argyll fields can be taken in consideration which has Rotliegend and Zechstein carbon sandstone in the reservoirs where traps are sealed by uncomfortably overlying craterous rocks during the Jurassic period (Cooper and Gaskell, 1966). These are the low permeability zones that have fine grained rocks of Triassic. In the areas of the Viking Graben Traps are sealed with vertically overlying craterous and Jurassic rocks. Here the traps and seals are result from the reservoirs fault in the contact of the sandstones and the juxtaposition of the shales. In several areas seals are equivalent to the Kimmeridge clay that are temporary in nature. In the Moray Firth Ground the seals are caused because of the shallow marine that has sandstones reservoirs that provides trapping mechanisms in that area. In the Central Graben area the seal are also temporary in nature and are equivalent to the reservoirs seals in the Fulmar and Ula regions (Cubitt, England and Larter, 2004). 4. Burial and thermal history of the basin To understand the structure of the petroleum system in the North Sea area it is important to understand the history of the Burial and Thermal nature of the petroleum reservoirs in the Basin Area. It is really important because without knowing the nature of the Petroleum, the Basin cannot be differentiated form other basins in the rest of the world (Cussler and Dirgo, 1996). In this section a detailed study is made to understand the burial and thermal history of the Basin in the North Sea region. This study is done with the help of Modeling and is the result of the modeling process. The analysis is discussed in the points below: 4.1 Burial History: The burial history of the North Sea Basin is predicted in the pre inversion techno stratigraphic units. This shows a huge difference in the observation along the cross sectional observation made for the Basin area. It includes the Variscan to the early rift techno graphic units that has reached to its maximum in the depth of burial which is prior to the cretaceous syncing version period. In this area the maximum depth is not present at present day in a small area of 50km along the cross sectional area of the Basin. In the southern part of the basin the units are pre inverse in nature and are structurally high in nature in the area of P9 (Demaison and Murris, 1984). The maximum burial depth is found in the southern Basin that extends southward up to 7 km and northward up to 10-20 km. But in the northern part of the actual basin the depth at the present point that extends up to 62-78km in the region of the Traissic rocks and carboniferous rocks is max. 4.2 Thermal History: It is important to understand the temperature and heat flow history of the petroleum reserves in the Basin area. It is stimulated by assuming the transient heat that has a flow condition and takes into account the time dependence of the bottom and top boundaries condition. It has been found that zero heat flows in the flow in the lateral boundary, radiogenic heat flow in the sediments and the porosity is dependent on the heat capacities and condition of the sediments (DeNatale, Troise and Sacchi, 2007). The thermal modeling also reveals the vertical and lateral variation of the flow of heat in the sediments in the cross sectional area of the basin. The figures are shown below to make it easy to understand. Figure: a. Tectonic curve, b. Evolution of heat flow, c. Evolution of sediment water temperatures (Verweij and Simmelink, 2002) 5. Discussion The Central North Sea (CNS) has been a center of hydrocarbon investigation and generation for a considerable length of time. Indeed now the region remains a hive of movement, with an expected 5 billion barrels of oil and gas undiscovered. Late revelations in the CNS incorporate the Culzean Gas and Condensate field by Maersk Oil, and the Shaw Discovery by Marubeni and Talisman in the year 2009. In 2010 Encore published the Catcher and Catcher East revelations with assessed stores of 300 Mmboe, speaking to one of the biggest disclosures in the Central North Sea for over 10 years. Petroleum Geo-Services (PGS) has been working in the Central North Sea for almost 20 years (Distribution of Holocene silicoflagellates in North Pacific sediments, 1977). Since 2002, the organization has been conveying united 3d seismic information known as the Mega Survey, which has mapped, in both provincial and prospect level detail, 60,000km of the Central North Sea. This has now been moved up to the Mega S urvey Plus; a pre-stack consolidation of almost 17,000 km of Central North Sea seismic which, with skyline understanding and highlighted AVO irregularities, permits fast provincial screening for prospect and lead distinguishing prospect and the major identification. Figure: Petroleum Projection in North Sea Basin The Central North Sea is a center of investigation for structural, stratigraphic and mix traps. Scopes of structural traps are introduced in the CNS, extending from tilted flaw pieces to crestal droops (Echo-traces from the north-eastern Atlantic, 1977). However as investigation and improvement has advanced, critical new structural terminations are progressively uncommon. The PGS Mega Survey Plus covers various substantial scale Cretaceous droops like the gainful Centurion field, speaking to another play sort in the CNS. Stratigraphic traps are thought to hold up to 75% of the undiscovered oil in the UK mainland rack. Stratigraphic traps range from on lap to squeeze outs, crossing single seal and poly-seal traps. The Forties sandstone stratigraphic trap in the Callanish Field is a case of profound water mounded turbidites that have endured differential compaction and squeeze out towards the southwest. Blend catching components consolidating structural and stratigraphic gimmicks are likewise display, for instance in the Britannia field in the Lower Cretaceous (Eddy kinetic energy in the deep western North Atlantic, 1977). Despite the fact that a scope of hydrocarbon play sorts exist in the CNS, this article centres upon profound water Paleocene and shallow to profound marine Jurassic plays. This article has quickly secured the late disclosures and plays of the Central North Sea and exhibits how the redesigned information scope of the Mega Survey Plus can help to recognize more leads and prospects with a level of certainty never conceivable previously (Eedler, 1978). With an expected five billion barrels of oil and gas undiscovered and huge in-situ framework, the Central North Sea is still an exceptionally alluring range to investigate and work. As investigation proceeds in this productive hydrocarbon region, exhaustive, condition of-the-craftsmanship information is fundamental for portraying prospects and decreasing danger. The application of pre stack seismic information consolidated with refined decently tied skylines and AVO peculiarities gives an abundance of data (Errant polychaete annelids from North Carolina, 1977). Besides, the future application of PGS' Geo Streamer (double sensor towed streamer engineering) will further upgrade information scope of the Central North Sea and keep on including worth at the supply level. North Sea is one of the major places of great importance because of the huge availability of the major natural resources of the world. The huge availability of the resources actually is of great importance. But along with the huge availability of the resources and important stuffs there are major uncertainties and from the largest is the climate change (Fischer, 1981). This is the major possible uncertainties and it is explained briefly below: Climate change: Environmental change will prompt changes in a few variables which can affect surge risk, including ocean level climb, changes in precipitation examples and profundities, and expanded temperatures which will modify examples of evaporation, transpiration and snow stockpiling (Goldberg, 1973). The nearby effect of these progressions differs fundamentally between regions inside the North Sea locale, so examinations utilizing territorially downscaled atmosphere projections and further displaying are obliged to focus their impact on surge danger. An environmental change projection for northern Europe demonstrates changes in both temperature and precipitation administrations later on that, in a few regions, will help an expanded risk from hydrological flooding. Likewise, the local impacts of worldwide ocean level climb and anticipated changes in examples of storm surge will likewise have a noteworthy impact on the probability and/or extent of surge immersion in numerous seas ide areas. There are, on the other hand, huge varieties between areas as to the effect of changed climatic administrations on surge danger (Healey, Force and Oslo and Paris Commissions, 1995). In vast parts of the Nordic area, for instance, a reduction in the general surge peril is anticipated for some bigger catchments, reflecting the anticipated abatement in the spring and early summer snowmelt surges which overwhelm crest streams in these catchments. At the same time, an increment in the event of great precipitation can improve the probability of surges in littler catchments and in urban zones in the same area. Lake flooding can increment in zones presently commanded by snowmelt flooding because of changes in regular spill over volumes in spite of an anticipated decrease in the greatest every day inflow to the lake (History of the North American Pinnipeds: a Monograph of the Walruses, Sea-Lions, Sea-Bears, and Seals of North America, 1881). Ocean level climb will likewise have va riable neighbourhood impacts all through northern Europe because of local contrasts in elevate coming about because of isostasy rather than area subsidence. In the event that one is to create direction for making note of environmental change in surge hazard administration, it is accordingly important to direct genuinely point by point local or nearby examinations. The North Sea Region Climate Change Assessment (NOSCCA) will archive the deductively real learning about past and conceivable future environmental change in the North Sea and neighbouring ranges for an extensive variety of subjects. It will be a complete environmental change appraisal from distributed investigative work with a territorial IPCC like assessment and a more extensive concentrate on marine and physical biology and fluxes of matter (Holstein and Lake, 2007). It is a global activity being proposed by the Institute for Coastal Research of the GKSS Research Center in Germany. 6. Conclusion The reproduction of this geographical history aides anticipate the area of conceivable oil supplies through the investigation of conceivable source, supply and seal rocks. The Kimmeridge Clay is a decent source rock and it is thickest in the North of the Central Graben and has been saved less in the Terschelling Basin. A decent store rock can be found in the permeable Scruff Greensand development, which has additionally been, which has been broadly kept all through the Central Graben, yet is thickest in the South (Jordan, 2004). A decent seal are the Cretaceous chalk arrangements that together with disfigurement because of (reversal) tectonics and salt diapirism can make flawless oil and gas traps. A large portion of these layers have been disintegrated in the focal point of the Central Graben however. So the oil potential (at this profundity) around there is bad. General the North Sea bowl has encountered a very intricate land history. Anyway, because of the substantial measure of h ydrocarbon collections it has been decently mulled over. In this paper just a concise history has been depicted (Junger, 1997). Likely the most critical tectonic stage in the North Sea has been the one of fracturing, the Kimmerian stages. Not just has the melancholy created by the fracturing guaranteed the affidavit of an exceptionally rich source rock; it has likewise delivered satisfactory structures to capacity as traps (Kell, Scott and Hunter, 2004). Towards the south, fundamentally in the Netherlands the Variscan stage and its related foreland have created a rich gas region. This was less because of the structures that created amid that tectonic stage, but instead because of the way of the foreland bowl which has made a practically immaculate source-repository seal progression (Lake and Fanchi, 2006). The last stage, the Alpine stage has from numerous points of view entangled the structures in the Southern North Sea and has had some negative ramifications for timing and spillage. However, it has likewise brought on new structures to structure that got to be fabulous traps. Since the North Sea is exceptionally developed, investigation insightful, new revelations ought to be looked for in tight oil and gas and in play levels that have not been decently investigated (Lake and Mitchell, 2006). The Pre Sillesian may have potential despite the fact that not a great deal of business aggregations has been found. Tertiary delta groupings and their conceivable sedimentary traps might likewise demonstrate effective if concentrated on in subtle element (MacGarvin, 1990). 7. References A North Sea School of Architecture?: Nidaros Cathedral's Romanesque Transepts and North Sea Medieval Architecture. (2012).Journal of the North Atlantic. A healthy North Sea ecosystem and a healthy North Sea fishery: two sides of the same regulation. (1994).Biological Conservation, 67(2), p.190. Alvarez, A. (1986).Offshore. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Bottom irregularities in the North Sea. (1977).Deep Sea Research, 24(4), p.294. Bradley, H. and Gipson, F. (1987).Petroleum engineering handbook. Richardson, TX, U.S.A.: Society of Petroleum Engineers. Brouwer, L. and Shawcross, L. (1964).The North Sea. Ebbingford, Bude, Eng.: Geographical Pub. Buydos, J. (n.d.).Petroleum engineering. Churchill, R. (1977). Industrial island in the North Sea Report on the feasibility study The North Sea Island Group.Marine Policy, 1(2), pp.170-171. Coakley, B. and Stein, R. (2010). Arctic Ocean Scientific Drilling: The Next Frontier.Scientific Drilling, (9, April 2010). Cooper, B. and Gaskell, T. (1966).North Sea oil--the great gamble. London: Heinemann. Cubitt, J., England, W. and Larter, S. (2004).Understanding petroleum reservoirs. London: Geological Society. Cussler, C. and Dirgo, C. (1996).The sea hunters. New York: Simon Schuster. Demaison, G. and Murris, R. (1984).Petroleum geochemistry and basin evaluation. Tulsa, Okla.: American Association of Petroleum Geologists. DeNatale, G., Troise, C. and Sacchi, M. (2007). The Campi Flegrei Deep Drilling Project.Scientific Drilling, (4, March 2007). Distribution of Holocene silicoflagellates in North Pacific sediments. (1977).Deep Sea Research, 24(4), p.292. Echo-traces from the north-eastern Atlantic. (1977).Deep Sea Research, 24(4), p.197. Eddy kinetic energy in the deep western North Atlantic. (1977).Deep Sea Research, 24(4), p.212. Eedler, G. (1978). On the North Atlantic circulation.Deep Sea Research, 25(6), pp.584-585. Errant polychaete annelids from North Carolina. (1977).Deep Sea Research, 24(4), p.193. Fischer, D. (1981).North Sea oil, an environment interface. Bergen: Universitetsforlaget. Gautier, D. (2005).Kimmeridgian Shales Total Petroleum System of the North Sea Graben Province. Reston, VA: U.S. Geological Survey. Goldberg, E. (1973).North Sea science. Cambridge: MIT Press. HARKER, STUART D., Occidental Petro, (1991). Oxfordian-Kimmeridgian (Late Jurassic) Reservoir Sandstones in the Witch Ground Graben, U.K North Sea.Bulletin, 75. Healey, M., Force, N. and Oslo and Paris Commissions, (1995). North Sea Quality Status Report 1993.Estuaries, 18(1), p.316. History of the North American Pinnipeds: a Monograph of the Walruses, Sea-Lions, Sea-Bears, and Seals of North America. (1881).Nature, 23(586), pp.261-262. Holstein, E. and Lake, L. (2007).Petroleum engineering handbook. Richardson, TX: Society of Petroleum Engineers. Jordan, P. (2004).North Sea saga. Harlow, England: Pearson/Longman. Junger, S. (1997).The perfect storm. New York: Norton. Kell, L., Scott, R. and Hunter, E. (2004). Implications for current management advice for North Sea plaice: Part I. Migration between the North Sea and English Channel.Journal of Sea Research, 51(3-4), pp.287-299. Lake, L. and Fanchi, J. (2006).Petroleum engineering handbook. Richardson, TX: Society of Petroleum Engineers. Lake, L. and Mitchell, R. (2006).Petroleum engineering handbook. Richardson, TX: Society of Petroleum Engineers. MacGarvin, M. (1990).The North Sea. London: Collins Brown. Mayer-GuÃÅ'ˆrr, A. (1976).Petroleum engineering. New York: Wiley. Mead, S. (2012).Petroleum engineering. Delhi: Research World. North Sea oil: Women not at sea. (1985).Nature, 313(6000), pp.260-260. Pegrum, R., Rees, G. and Naylor, D. (1975).The North Sea. London: Graham Trotman Dudley. Phelps, R. and Lake, F. (1924).Petroleum engineering. Houston, Tex.: Gulf Pub. Co. Reis, J. (1996).Environmental control in petroleum engineering. Houston, Tex.: Gulf Publ. Roberts, G. (1985).Engineering the North Sea connection. University of Salford. Russell, J. and Bijaksana, S. (2012). Scientific Drilling.Scientific Drilling, (14, September 2012). The North Sea. (1976).BMJ, 1(6011), pp.705-706. Verweij, J. and Simmelink, H. (2002). Geodynamic and hydrodynamic evolution of the Broad Fourteens Basin (The Netherlands) in relation to its petroleum systems.Marine and Petroleum Geology, 19(3), pp.339-359. Walton, A. (2011). U.S. Continental Scientific Drilling Community Looks to the Future.Scientific Drilling, (11, March 2011). Warme, J., Douglas, R. and Winterer, E. (1981).The Deep Sea Drilling Project--a decade of progress. Tulsa, Okla.: Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists.

Women In Educational Administration The Glass Ceiling Is Still There Essay Example For Students

Women In Educational Administration: The Glass Ceiling Is Still There Essay WOMEN IN EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATIONTHE GLASS CEILING IS STILL THERESeveral people at the conference dealt with the problems women encounter in getting into administrative positions in schools and colleges and when they do, the obstacles they encounter in making their jobs successful. Their discussions brought home to me the reality of my own mother’s experience. As children we witnessed our mother struggling, summer after summer and during many school years in the evenings, with those courses required for an administrative license. The state gave her that license some twelve years ago, but she is still teaching mathematics in high school. We used to tease her when we were growing up calling her â€Å"principal mom† and â€Å"assistant principal mom† and the like and pretending that she called us into her office for punishment. We do not do that any more because we know it won’t be fun and games any more but it will be a cruel joke if we did that. What made her disillusioned about the career of an administrator in her school system in which she served nearly a quarter of a century?It has to do with what is known as a glass ceiling. Administrative positions are open to all qualified persons. They are up there within everyone’s view. All you have to do is qualify yourself with the appropriate education and skills. The law of the land makes every person eligible for them. All employers proclaim in their policy statements that they are â€Å"equal opportunity employers.† But when women reach for them, the invisible ceiling stops them. A cruel tease indeed!My mother said she would not talk to me about her own reluctance to pursue an administrative career, despite all the efforts she put in to qualify for it. She said I should talk with teachers or other personnel in the school systems who had no personal involvement in order to get objective observations. So I interviewed more than 25 people from Superintendents and Principal s through Vice Principals, Department Heads, Counselors, Teachers and Teachers’ Assistants to Security, Cafeteria and Maintenance Personnel, in two different school systems. My findings were quite revealing of the invisible glass ceiling. We will write a custom essay on Women In Educational Administration: The Glass Ceiling Is Still There specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Let me start with the lowest level positions in the school systems—maintenance workers, security personnel and cafeteria workers. Strictly speaking, they cannot be called part of the education system. Their jobs do not have anything to do with the educational system, they could be in any other place than the school, but the way the heads of their departments are chosen will show how endemic gender discrimination is to the entire school systems, from bottom to top. In fact, it is ingrained in the culture of the school systems as it is in the culture of many other organizations in the public life. My innocent ears were offended hearing the tale of a woman security officer describe what was going on in the South Bend School Corporation at her level of employment. She has much more seniority than most of the chiefs of security in the school system, but the chief’s position along with all the benefits go to the men who, in her judgement, were less qualified, experienced and conscientious. She pointed out to her own chief, a pot-bellied man who sat by a closet and snacked all day, according to reports, which could not be far from the truth judging from his appearance. â€Å"Only men can handle the tough situations; he does all that sitting in that chair while I do the simple things like breaking up fights, confiscating guns and knives and searching out drug pushers,† she stated. Among maintenance workers there were only very few women. The chief janitor in one school, a fair man who has a couple of women in his staff, a rarity, said that women are intimidated by furnaces and electrical systems, so they don’t sign up for janitorial jobs. But he also added that â€Å"not that they are welcome either; I don’t mind them, but the guys in other schools will hire a women only if they can not even find a dead body.† I asked, â€Å"can a woman ever become the chief janitor?† The answer was a plain and clear â€Å"never.†The cafeteria was a completely different story. Practically all the workers in the cafeterias of all schools are women. I asked the head of the food service department in one high school, who I thought was a fair-minded lady, why it was that all cafeteria workers are women. She said men do not generally apply; cooking and serving food is a women’s job, they think. She also added, â€Å" We don’t want t hem anyway, you can hardly find one who is not sloppy and dirty.† But I observed, and she agreed, that there is no injustice involved. There is no built-in obstacle for men to be hired or promoted in food service. Leaving the support staff level and getting to the heart of the educational enterprise, we come to the teaching staff. Instantly, one notices that the elementary schools are mostly staffed by women teachers. However, the administrators by and large are men. The South Bend School Corporation, for example, has approximately 25 elementary schools. Of these, twenty of them have men principals while nearly 70% of teachers are women. I asked one of the male principals why there is such a disparity between male/female ratios of teachers and administrators in elementary schools. He said that it is the â€Å"mother thing,† women are more suited to teach little children and they are attracted towards the elementary age kids, that is as far as teaching is concerned. The administration, however, is another matter. There you need men. They, according to him, are better organizers, disciplinarians, and of course father figures. A woman principal had a different view. For her it is the †Å"old boys’ club at work. They simply do not want to give women top jobs even in elementary schools,† she said. When you go up to the Middle School level, the disparity worsens. Of the eight middle schools I visited, six had male principals while the teaching staff was fairly evenly divided. From what I could surmise from the conversations with teachers and administrators, there is no good reason for the disparate male/female ratio in the building administration, except the continuing resistance against women. .ub681905b1376466c19880d63548e3083 , .ub681905b1376466c19880d63548e3083 .postImageUrl , .ub681905b1376466c19880d63548e3083 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub681905b1376466c19880d63548e3083 , .ub681905b1376466c19880d63548e3083:hover , .ub681905b1376466c19880d63548e3083:visited , .ub681905b1376466c19880d63548e3083:active { border:0!important; } .ub681905b1376466c19880d63548e3083 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub681905b1376466c19880d63548e3083 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub681905b1376466c19880d63548e3083:active , .ub681905b1376466c19880d63548e3083:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub681905b1376466c19880d63548e3083 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub681905b1376466c19880d63548e3083 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub681905b1376466c19880d63548e3083 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub681905b1376466c19880d63548e3083 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub681905b1376466c19880d63548e3083:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub681905b1376466c19880d63548e3083 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub681905b1376466c19880d63548e3083 .ub681905b1376466c19880d63548e3083-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub681905b1376466c19880d63548e3083:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: What the difference is between strict and broad co EssayA veteran teacher told me that in all his memory he could not think of one female principal in any of the five South Bend public high schools. In the 1998-1999 school year, however, there are three female principals, a majority! But, they are relatively new appointments, two of them only a year ago and the third just this year, but she is only an acting principal. A female superintendent who is also relatively new made these appointments, though they were not very popular. As a result, one of the regular appointees has tended her resignation, the second is on the verge of doing so, and the acting principal’s fa te is hanging in the balance. One of the school staff related to me the reception the acting principal received when she came to take charge of the school and for a few weeks thereafter. To start with, she was appointed at the last minute, as a last resort when none of the candidates the school system offered the job to accepted it. When she came to the building for the first time, very few faculty persons greeted her. One of the two vice principals, a male who had applied for the principal’s job unsuccessfully, greeted her sitting on his chair and with his feet on his desk. He arrogated the principal’s authority to himself, calling faculty meetings, making policy decisions, addressing the school community through the public address system and complaining to the corporate administration about the acting principal. The department heads, counselors, and teachers also started to set their own rules. Being placed in such a tough situation, a weak person would have been totally broken, but the acting pri ncipal stood her ground, asserted her authority and established discipline within a few weeks. It was a superhuman task. In high schools, between the teachers and building administrators, stand the department heads. My curiosity peaked when I noticed that almost all department heads, other than home economics and special education, were men, in all five South Bend high schools. What I learned was that these were all appointees of men principals, hanging on to their jobs, wielding whatever little authority they could claim over their fellow teachers. The culture of male domination governed this low level of administration as well. Coming to the top level of administration, the South Bend School Corporation never had a woman superintendent in its entire history until five years ago when the present superintendent was appointed. She got the job by default when three outside finalists, all men, declined the offer. She had not been ranked among the finalists despite the fact that she had been a very successful principal in the corporation, with a national reputation as an educator. Being a woman and an African-American were two strikes against her. Her appointment divided the teachers and the community at large along racial lines. A prolonged and bitter teachers strike further divided the community. In spite of her accomplishments in bringing about fiscal discipline and solvency to the corporation, she barley got re-appointed for two short years after the first three-year term. Efforts are mounting to release her even before the two years are up. Resistance against the superintendent by the combined forces of anti feminist and anti-minority groups in the school system itself and the larger community have paralyzed her administration. Lack of discipline and moral within the schools result in the failure of the process of education itself. It is no surprise, therefore, that the South Bend students are among the lowest achievers on the ISTEP. The sad story of South Bend schools is a classic example of how damaging to the public good discrimination against women and minorities can be. It is also important for us to look beyond the local scene to the national picture to see what role is given to women and minorities in the administration of educational institutions. Several recent studies were able to unveil some hidden truths about women and minorities in the educational administration. The 1990 study by Patricia T. Whitfield entitled Status of Access of Women and Minorities to Administrative Positions in Idaho is a case in point. This study focused on the status of women and minorities in administrative positions in Idaho public schools. Statistically Whitfield documented that among administrators of Idaho public schools only approximately 20% were women and only about 7% minorities. She cites the â€Å"old boy network,† family responsibilities, lack of mentors or role models, a late entry into career tracks, and difficulty in gaining credibility as the reasons for this poor representation of women and minorities. As for the possible remedy for this situat ion, Whitfield received different responses from the administrators and members of the women and minority groups. While the administrators indicated that change/progress would come through their efforts, the women’s and minority groups felt that progress will come only through equal opportunity policies and legislation. I am sure that similar responses will be forthcoming from other comparable groups in all parts of the country. (Patricia T. Whitfield, Status of Women Minorities toAdministrative Positions in Idaho. ERIC TITLE NUMBER: ED 323907). It is also important to compare the status of women in administrative positions in higher education with what we have seen in the nation’s school systems. Let me start with a local women’s college, Saint Mary’s College of Notre Dame, Indiana. This is a college founded some 155 years ago exclusively for women by women religious of the Holy Cross Congregation. All major administrative positions were held by the Sisters of the Holy Cross up until 1967. This college was also the sister institution of the larger University of Notre Dame, across the road, founded about the same time exclusively for men by the Priests of the Holy Cross. In 1967, when the then president of Saint Mary’s died and another well-qualified nun was not available to fill the role, the sisters appointed Saint Mary’s first male president, a priest. In 1970, Notre Dame proposed a merger with Saint Mary’s. Fearing the total absorption of Saint Mary’s into larger Notre Dam e, the sisters withdrew from the merger. However, they inadvertently entered into another dangerous situation, the male domination of the school. This happened when they appointed the first layman president of the college, hoping that would bring Saint Mary’s in tune with the modern age. For the next 29 years, the administration of the college passed into almost exclusively male hands. Only in 1999 did they appoint a woman president and a female administrative team, after three decades of male domination. .uf6a157b5b801c4c47d73c2070ca6db5b , .uf6a157b5b801c4c47d73c2070ca6db5b .postImageUrl , .uf6a157b5b801c4c47d73c2070ca6db5b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf6a157b5b801c4c47d73c2070ca6db5b , .uf6a157b5b801c4c47d73c2070ca6db5b:hover , .uf6a157b5b801c4c47d73c2070ca6db5b:visited , .uf6a157b5b801c4c47d73c2070ca6db5b:active { border:0!important; } .uf6a157b5b801c4c47d73c2070ca6db5b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf6a157b5b801c4c47d73c2070ca6db5b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf6a157b5b801c4c47d73c2070ca6db5b:active , .uf6a157b5b801c4c47d73c2070ca6db5b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf6a157b5b801c4c47d73c2070ca6db5b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf6a157b5b801c4c47d73c2070ca6db5b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf6a157b5b801c4c47d73c2070ca6db5b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf6a157b5b801c4c47d73c2070ca6db5b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf6a157b5b801c4c47d73c2070ca6db5b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf6a157b5b801c4c47d73c2070ca6db5b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf6a157b5b801c4c47d73c2070ca6db5b .uf6a157b5b801c4c47d73c2070ca6db5b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf6a157b5b801c4c47d73c2070ca6db5b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Cherry Orchard Lopakhin EssayWhile Saint Mary’s College’s link with the Holy Cross Sisters made it easy for its board to revert to its traditional administration by women, what is happening nationwide in higher education is quite different. A 1982 study by Kathryn M. Moore documents the low status of women in administrative positions in higher education. Moore studied the career issues, educational concerns and the professional, educational and personal backgrounds of 2, 896 senior college administrators from all parts of the United States. The focus of her study was the status of women and minorities in educational administration. She discovered that wom en and minorities represented a shocking 20 and 8 percent of the sample, respectively. Even more disturbing was her discovery that women and minorities held only low level positions such as registrar, librarian, and financial aid director. In contrast, men held positions like President and Chief Financial Officer. Of the 653 deans in the survey only 90 (13.8%) were women. Half of these women deans were in the fields of nursing, home economics, arts and sciences, and continuing education. As for minorities, only 5.5% of them were among the deans. These statistics tell the cruel hoax American society still plays on its female citizens despite decades of equal opportunity enforcement. (Women and Minorities. Leaders in Transition: A National Study of Higher Education Administrators by Kathryn M. Moore. University Park, PA., Center for the Study of Higher Education, Pennsylvania State University, 1982. P.64.). Leaving the broad, nationwide survey, let us now take a closer look at one institution of higher learning, University of New Hampshire, an institution with a relatively high reputation. A 1993 study ordered by the university president on the status of women showed that out of 16 principal administrators (president, vice president, and deans) of the university, only one was a woman and she was only a temporary appointment. At the next level, the Academic Administration level, 27.3% were women. At the executive management level, women held only 21.8% of the positions. But at the management or supervisory level (support staff level) 60.8% of the employees were women. The story becomes even grimmer when we look at the compensation level of employers at the University of New Hampshire. Of those employees making $35,000-55,000, 54% were women. Of those making $55,000-66,000 only 31% were women. Of those making above $65, 000 only a meager 19% were women. When different groupings were emplo yed, the glaring and shameless fact came out, that is out of all the employees making less than $30,000, a towering 83.3% were women!The study also indicated that the situation at the University of New Hampshire was fairly typical of all universities in the country; only much worse in many other schools. (University of New Hampshire President’s Commission on the Status of Women, July 1993). The issues relating to the status of women were placed in a broader, national perspective by the Federal Glass Ceiling Commission in 1996. Rene Redwood, then Special Assistant to the Secretary of Labor, Robert Reich, summarized the findings of this commission in a speech she gave at the â€Å"Working Women’s Summit† held by Women in Technology International (WITI) in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in September 1996. The most telling data she included in her speech was that in the top 1000 industrial and 500 service companies in the United States, 95% of senior level managers were men of which 95% were white. Of the 5% of those managers who were women, only 5% were minority women. This translated into a total of 2,100 senior women executives out of the 42,000 top-level executives. She also pointed out the disparity in salary levels between men and women on a national level. While non-Hispanic white males with bachelors degrees received an average salary of $47, 181, the females with bachelor’s degrees in the same ethnic group received only an average of $31, 338. Of those with masters’ degrees, non-Hispanic white males received an average of $57, 371, but females in the same ethnic group with master’ degrees received only an average $38, 391. Reliable statistics about the salary levels of other ethnic groups are not available but it is safe to assume that they are appallingly disparate. While statistics document the injustice of the system, they do not suggest solutions for the problem. Solutions can be found only if men and women of good will come together and seek them out. There are many organizations that address these issues on the local and national level. There are also laws on the book that could be brought to bear when institutions are insensitive to the issues of equality. However, in order to bring about fundamental changes, we have to work at the roots of our culture. This is where educators have an advantage. It is their hands that mold the next generation. They can change the whole outlook of society if they put their minds to it. Let us hope, therefore, in a generation or two, we can make the statistics look very different. NOTES ABOUT MY SOURCES1. For information about women in administration in local schools, I interviewed 25 individuals at various levels of employment, from maintenance staff and cafeteria workers to teachers, principals and Superintendents of South Bend, Mishawaka, and Penn-Harris-Madison School Systems. 2. For information on local colleges and universities, I interviewed 12 professors and administrators at Saint Mary’s College and the University of Notre Dame. 3. For information on the status of women in educational administration on the regional and national level, I used the following sources:a. Patricia T. Whitfield, Status of Access of Women and Minorities to Administrative Positions in Idaho. ERIC TITLE No. ED 323907. b. Kathryn M. Moore, Women and Minorities. Leaders in Transition: A National Study of Higher Education Administrators. ERIC TITLE No. ED 225459. c. University of New Hampshire President’s Commission on Status of Women. University of New Hampshire, 1993. d. Rene Redwood, The Glass Ceiling: The Findings and Recommendations of the Federal Glass Ceiling Commission. Washington, D.C. 1996. WOMEN IN EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATIONTHE GLASS CEILING IS STILL THEREANAND PULLAPILLYJULY 30, 1999Social Issues

Marketing and the Strip Club Essay Example

Marketing and the Strip Club Essay Example Marketing and the Strip Club Paper Marketing and the Strip Club Paper Re: Marketing Topic Paper (Subject Matter) The subject I chose for my topic report is â€Å" Competing in the Adult Night Club Industry â€Å" . The subject sparked my interest when I over heard a classmate saying she wanted to own a â€Å"strip club†. I also had thoughts of one day opening my own â€Å"gentlemen’s club†. Typically when you think of a â€Å"strip club† you think of a low class, raunchy, place filled with criminals, but contrary to some beliefs that isn’t always the case. There is an upscale adult entertainment venue called a â€Å"gentlemen’s club†. We both had made reference to the recent popularity of a nightclub in Washington, DC called â€Å"The Stadium Club†. â€Å"The Stadium Club† considers itself an upscale â€Å"gentlemen’s club† that offers things such as: five star dining, dancing, live adult entertainment, valet, and door-to-door limousine service. â€Å"The Stadium Club† advertises live on the radio, works with various club promoters, is frequented by many celebrities, and is now featured in various rap songs and videos. â€Å"The Stadium† has a strong following on both facebook and twitter and has now become a DC â€Å"hot spot†. I knew that â€Å"The Stadium† wasn’t the only adult entertainment venue in the area, so I wondered â€Å"What made it so popular? † and â€Å"Why was â€Å"The Stadium Club† more sucessful than the others like it? â€Å". Through a market analysis I found that this industry is highly competitive. With regards to one of â€Å"Porters five forces† I decided to base my paper on the threat of rivalry among the competetiors in this industry. Introduction There is recent trend involving the popularity of â€Å"gentlemen’s clubs† thru-out the United States. With a growing acceptance and tolerance for these venues clubs are being bought and sold for millions of dollars These adult entertainment clubs have become just as popular as â€Å"regular clubs†. Atlanta and Las Vegas have an entire nightlife surrounding this industry with millions of dollar being made by these nightclub owners. There are over 2,500 â€Å"gentlemen’s clubs† competing in this 15 billion dollar market surrounding the industry. Out of the 2,500 venues only two have become successful enough to be traded on the New York Stock Exchange. The most successful one being â€Å"Rick’s Cabaret† based in New York City. Ricks is a very upscale â€Å"gentlemen’s club† that puts â€Å"The Stadium Club† to shame. According to â€Å"Business Wire New York† Ricks is the leading operator of upscale â€Å"gentlemen’s clubs†. â€Å"Ricks Cabaret† dominates the market operating over eleven clubs in seven cities including: Philadelphia, New Orleans, Charlotte, New York Miami, Dallas, Huston, and Minneapolis. â€Å" Ricks Caberet† Miami location operates as â€Å"Tooties† and was voted the number one †gentlemens club† in the United states by †Complex Magazine†.

The Lapsus Calami of Principle for Principal

The Lapsus Calami of Principle for Principal The Lapsus Calami of Principle for Principal The Lapsus Calami of Principle for Principal By Maeve Maddox The third time I let the erroneous â€Å"principle parts† slip into a published post instead of the correct â€Å"principal parts,† I began to worry. Why would I continue to make this mistake even though I know perfectly well that the word spelled principle is used only as a noun and never as an adjective? Principal, on the other hand, is usually an adjective, although it may also be used as a noun: principle (noun): a fundamental truth; a rule adopted as a guide to action. The desire to help the helpless is a basic principle of morality. She lives according to the principle that it is always possible to be kind. principal (adjective): most important; highest in rank or order. Dr. Singh is the principal author of the study. It’s necessary to memorize the principal parts of irregular verbs. principal (noun): a person occupying the most important position in an organization or activity. Mr. McCarthy has been named the principal in the lawsuit. Ms. Washington is the principal at Jones School. According to Sigmund Freud, when we make an error in speech (â€Å"a slip of the tongue†) or an error in writing (lapsus calami), we are being guided by â€Å"a subdued wish, conflict, or train of thought guided by the ego and the rules of correct behavior.† Cognitive psychologists, on the other hand, say that such slips can be caused by mere inattention or lack of knowledge. Knowing that my errors with principal/principle weren’t the result of lack of knowledge or inattention (I proof these posts at least six times before submitting them), I read further. I think I’ve found my answer in this explanation quoted in the Wikipedia article â€Å"Freudian Slip†: [these errors may be caused by] the existence of some locally appropriate response pattern that is strongly primed by its prior usage, recent activation or emotional change or by the situation calling conditions. My slip with principal/principle always occurs in the context of writing about the principal parts of the verb. And what are these parts? They are: present, past, past participle, and present participle. I think my brain anticipates the -le of the word participle. That may explain why I write the term incorrectly, but why don’t I catch the error when I proofread? Tom Stafford, a lecturer in psychology at the University of Sheffield in England, says that it’s difficult to catch errors because the brain generalizes the simple components of sentences so it can focus on complex tasks, like combining sentences into ideas. We don’t catch errors because we don’t see them. Writing about typographical errors, Freud cites a case in which an article had been carefully proofed by the author and the editor-in-chief of the paper in which it was to be published; both men were satisfied that everything was correct. The printer’s reader caught the mistake that the other men missed: Our readers will bear witness to the fact that we have always acted in a  selfish  manner for the good of the community. The intended word was unselfish. Stafford suggests that one way to catch errors to which we’ve become blind is to change the font and colors of the proof copy; changing the visual form makes it easier to see details we would otherwise miss. It’s also probably a good idea to acquaint yourself with your own particular bà ªtes noires and be on the lookout for them. Things like mixing up principal and principle. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Spelling Test 1Peace of Mind and A Piece of One's MindHow to Write a Proposal

Small Business Review Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Small Business Review - Case Study Example Whilst this may seem like a relatively simple task to orchestrate, it is actually a difficult task considering that most SMEs are family owned businesses (Bowman-Upton 1991). Lassini (2005) found that family businesses are unlikely to survive after the third generation with only 30% of these businesses successfully handing over leadership to the second generation and 12% handing over to the third generation. Lassini (2005) also found that nearly 2-3% of family businesses progress to permanent development, compared with approximately 97% that either close down or are sold. There are a variety of reasons for these statistics, some of which include the fact that some of these businesses are started by immigrant populations. As their children get older, they can lose interest in the family business and develop a preference for integrating with other members of society by attending university, or moving into mainstream employment. Some of the businesses may not be owned by immigrant populations but the younger generation are constantly under pressure to take on employment offers in the more seemingly attractive areas of technology, media and other more glamor ous occupations which offer bigger pay packets and benefits. This demonstrates the importance of manageme... These organisations tend to have personalised management which results in the identification of the business with the owner/founder; they have a small market share which means they cannot dictate the price and have to rely on the numbers of goods sold; they occupy a niche market with heavy reliance on customer loyalty; and they also find it difficult to raise the finance to grow (Bartol and Martin 1998). Whilst SMEs have favourable characteristics which include having a dependable culture and strong commitment, their nature leaves them vulnerable to succession issues and dilemmas, and is often the main reason why they find it difficult to survive throughout generations. For example, the Hilton hotel chain was founded during the Great Depression in the US and it is currently in its second generation; however, the succession into the third generation does not seem clear as there is no apparent heir to the hotel chain. Traditional management succession models cannot be easily applied to SMEs because they are more relevant to larger corporations. For instance, traditional methods include employee motivation and rewards through promotions, higher salaries and incentives (Mullins 1999). However this can only work in an organisation a tall hierarchy and more layers of management which are lacking in SMEs. This paper shall analyse the issue of succession in a SME and consider future options for the business. The Business Case Study Stop N' Shop Supermarket has been chosen as the SME for analysis for this paper. This business has been selected based on the definition of an SME which stipulates that it has at least one employee and no more than 50 employees in order for it to be included in this paper. This business is family owned

Economic Indicator Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Economic Indicator Paper - Essay Example For instance, the prevailing value of the American Real GDP, when calculated in relation to the year 2000 is approximately 12,000 billion dollars. GDP is a leading economic indicator and it usually rises before an upturn in real GDP and falls before a downturn in real GDP. Real GDP is also quite handy when it comes to predicting changes in the housing industry in the immediate future. Alongside such indicators as stock prices, average weekly hours worked in industries and housing starts, the trends set by real GDP can have a bearing on the overall health of the housing industry. Housing starts are defined as the number of residential units on which construction is started every month. Housing starts are a key economic indicator that determines the health and future direction of the Housing industry. Usually though, an increase in housing starts indicates an increase in economic growth. The following chart published by the U.S.Bureau of the Census gives a historical perspective of housing starts. According to a credible industry expert, â€Å"housing starts fell to six percent in August of 2007 to a seasonally adjusted annual rate of 1.665 million, while permits fell 2.3 percent from July and for the seventh consecutive month to a 1.722 million level. The August 2006 permit level was the lowest in 4 years. The month-over-month August starts decline occurred in both the single-family (-5.9%) and multifamily (-6.7%) sectors and in three out of the 4 Census regions, the exception being the Northeast†. These statistics mean that the housing industry is slated for a slowdown in the near future. Furthermore, with fears of an impending recession of the general economy, housing industry is also set to suffer to the extent. Mortgage is a loan given to an individual or a corporation on the basis of the value of a house, building or any other

Select Three of the Big Five Personality Traits Essay Example for Free

Select Three of the Big Five Personality Traits Essay Out of the Big Five personality traits, I believe the two that best suit my personality would be agreeableness, and extraversion. Extraversion, according to the text, is a trait includes characteristics such as excitability, sociability, talkativeness, assertiveness and high amounts of emotional expressiveness. I do not believe that this one fits me to a â€Å"T,† but I can be very excitable, and I tend to express myself with my emotions which at times, may not always be the best course of action. I am also not very assertive unless it comes to protecting the people I love. When it comes to agreeableness, this personality dimension includes attributes such as trust, altruism, kindness, affection, and other prosocial behaviors. I think this personality trait is the one that best defines me. I am extremely affectionate, and kind to others, sometimes to the point of being too kind. I would have to say I am at the extreme point on this trait, especially when it comes to the altruism aspects of the personality. Everyday life is filled with small acts of altruism, from the guy at the grocery store who kindly holds the door open as you rush in from the parking lot to the woman who gives twenty dollars to a homeless man. I would have to say that I have a â€Å"soft spot† for others’ feelings and try to be very considerate of others. So, agreeableness would have to be the personality trait I think fits me overall.

The Fashion of Whiskers in Victorian England Essay -- Victorian Era Fa

Whiskers: A Growing Fashion Prior to the Victorian era, men in England maintained cleanly shaven faces. With the mid-eighteen hundreds came a widespread shift toward facial hair in a multitude of styles (Camellia). The ability to grow whiskers began to be regarded as a sign of manhood. In pictures and photographs from the era, it is rare to find a male, past the age of manhood, depicted without facial hair in some capacity. As the century continued, the preferred style of facial hair grew progressively longer, bushier, and more pronounced (Nunn), but it remained â€Å"stylish for men to wear facial hair of all sizes and descriptions† (Camellia). Whiskers of all types adorned the faces of Victorian men, from thin side-whiskers to full, bushy beards in accompaniment with thick mustaches. During the nineteenth century, side-whiskers, beginning as short sideburns, were â€Å"allowed to grow further down the face† (Nunn) and developed into a variety of styles. Mutton-chops, â€Å"side whiskers that are narrow at the temple, broad along the lower cheek or jawline, and separated by a shaven chi...

Personal Responsibility and College Success

College Success: How Personal Responsibility Plays a Role College Success: How Personal Responsibility Plays a Role Little Johnny walks into a classroom and sits down with the rest of the class. As the bell rings the teacher asks all students to turn in their homework. The teacher notices that Johnny does not turn in anything and asks him â€Å"Where’s your homework? † His response, â€Å"The dog ate it! † In today’s society it is much easier to blame others for your actions instead of taking full responsibility for your own.Handling certain situations in your life, whether it be school, work, or social events requires some type of personal responsibility. Personal responsibility is showing accountability for the obligations that a person has control over. This means that you have to be accountable for your actions in the situations that you are involved in whether they are in your control or not. Being responsible will help to reach your goals in life whe n it comes to your school, career and family. In order in to succeed in college you have to be a responsible student. Love being a student.When people get married they take on the role of being a spouse. With this role comes responsibility. Nurturing the relationship, children to raise, bills to pay, cleaning, and cooking are just some of the responsibilities that married couples have. However, they love the role of the spouse (otherwise they would not have gotten married) and with loving the role they easily take on the responsibilities. As a student, you have to use the same approach. When we love being a student, responsibilities will not seem like dreadful tasks, but will be something we love to do.Not only much you love your new role you have to own it. Steven goes to Carmax and buys a new car. Being the owner of a new car, he has responsibilities of taking care of it. Regular oil changes, inspections, new tires, and rotation are just of the tasks that come along with regular m aintenance. Same as being a student, owing your role will help you succeed in college. Regular reading, attending class, studying for examations is just the regular maintenance that you have to do to be successful. Once you love and own your role of being a student, living the student life comes into play.Mothers have the life of taking care of the children, cleaning, cooking, and running errands. Fathers have the life of going to work and providing for his family. Teachers have the life of teaching their students information, grading papers, and helping students who have fallen behind. Everyone has a life and many have different lives. Being a student you have to live the student life. Doing homework, not staying out late, plan your assignments and projects ahead are all a part of the student life. By incorporating personal responsibility into my education will also help me succeed and eventually help me graduate.Developing an action plan and incorporating it in your life will also help you succeed in college. Time management and planning will be the biggest responsibility. If you have a busy life already and have added school into your life, it would be beneficial to map and plan out your day ahead of time. Your time may be tight but being responsible and sticking to your to-do list will help you get everything done and be prepared for the next day. Also not procrastinating will also help you become a responsible student.Everyone has his or her days where they do not want to do anything and just be lazy. However, this will not help you succeed in where you want to be. Continuing to remind yourself to complete your tasks will help you in getting things done. Finally, another action plan is money management. School is expensive and being responsible for money now and in the future will help. Only borrowing what you need and making planning financially while in school will benefit you in college. Personal responsibility plays a major role in everyone’s l ife.Whether it is school, personal, or work, being responsible will help you accomplish so much out of life. Love, owing, and living the life of a student are tools to help you get a handle on being responsible in school. Planning ahead and time and money management will also help you in college and help you succeed. Plan on being responsible for all you actions in the situations that you have placed yourself in and whatever life may throw in your way. Going back to school was probably a big decision for you and so plan on making the most out of it.

What Is True Love

Charles Argument Essay Many people have wondered can true love last forever. I agree and disagree that true love can last forever because true love is how you feel and feelings can always change. True love is described in three words – infatuation, lust, and friendship/companionship. True love can be disproved by infatuation. Infatuation is temporary euphoric state of that is the research on blood chemistry when someone says they’ve â€Å"fallen in love† as stated by Bill Ferguson in his research â€Å"Studying the Science of Falling in Love. He says that love is a temporary state that people go through but it can at any point. Infatuation proves that true love can’t last forever because it’s a temporary state that express how a person feel for example when a person sayâ€Å"I’ve fallen in love† which can change at any point in a relationship. However, true love can last forever is expressed by friendship, or companionship. Friendship , or companionship if you will, is the one element of a love relationship that can, potentially, go on indefinitely as stated by Ferguson in â€Å"Studying the Science of Falling in Love. What Ferguson may have meant was that a truly in love couple is like a relationship that they enjoy being in company with so it has the potential to last forever. Friendship and companionship proves that true love can last forever because it is possible/capable to last forever Cofer’s essay â€Å"I feel in love, or my hormones awakened† supports Ferguson’s claim of infatuation and lust. For example, in her essay she says â€Å"Week after week I wandered up and down the aisles taking furtive glances at the stock room in the back, breathlessly hoping to see my prince. What this mean is that she was in love with a rich senior that every week she just hoped to see him in the stock room. Cofer’s essay proves that true love can’t last forever because she admired him a nd it can last forever because she wants to be with him but she holds it as a secret love.Cofer’s essay â€Å"I feel in love, or my hormones awakened† and Ferguson’s research â€Å"Studying the Science of Falling in Love† both states that true love can and can’t last orever by relating it to three words – infatuation, lust, and friendship. Both Cofer and Ferguson described that true love can last forever with lust and it can’t last forever with infatuation. Ferguson described that true love can last forever with friendship/companionship. These three words helped both Cofer and Ferguson decide if true love can last forever or not. Both stated that true love can and can’t last forever.

Short Story Reflection Essays

Short Story Reflection Essays Short Story Reflection Paper Short Story Reflection Paper Short Story Reflection Jennifer ENG125:Intro to Literature Instructor McGrath 11/28/2011 All stories come together by a solid idea. The idea behind a story is known as a theme. When looking at a theme, you must go beyond the title and critically think to acknowledge key terms and symbols within the narrative you are reading. The theme in â€Å"Little Red Riding Hood† is a prime example of how readers have to critically think and acknowledge the symbolism of the story. When â€Å"looking beyond the plot† of Little Red Riding Hood, the story is more adult oriented than child oriented, and it is fascinating that it has remained popular for so many years. Within the theme there is symbolism such as the red cape for Little Red Riding Hood. Red is also known as â€Å"passion or danger. † This symbol shows that the author was considering Little Red Riding Hood to be in danger within her relationship to the wolf. The wolf wanted more from her than just her homemade cakes (Clugston 2010). All fictional works have a plot. A plot consists of five outlined situations within a narrative which are: exposition, complication or rising action, climax, falling action, and resolution. In â€Å"Little Red Riding Hood† the exposition would be explaining the setting and characters, the woods, as well as, Little Red Riding Hood and the Wolf. The complication or â€Å"conflict,† is when the Wolf is not getting what he wants out of Little Red Riding Hood. The climax is when the Wolf eats the grandma and pretends to be her as when Little Red Riding Hood gets to her home. The falling action would be when Little Red Riding Hood makes statements such as â€Å"what big eyes you have. † The resolution is when the Wolf finally gets what he wants from Little Red Riding Hood (Clugston 2010). Tone is considered to be the attitude expressed throughout an author’s work. In Little Red Riding Hood on the surface you see a sense of innocence but when you read more you feel the danger within the tone change when the Wolf is present. The tone also expresses verbal irony because the Wolf is disguised as the grandma and Little Red Riding Hood doesn’t feel as she is in danger. A narrative theme is contextually broad, with readers looking into a story at different angles. By providing narrative elements the reader narrows into the author’s perception of the story. The symbols narrow in on where the story is taking the reader. Symbols can come through colors, animals, nature, etc. The symbol in Little Red Riding Hood was her Red Cape. The plot shows the reader that a narrative is like a pie cut into five pieces. The plot keeps the story flowing and grasps the reader’s attention by allowing an introduction, a predicament, climax, falling action, and a conclusion. The tone catches the authors’ attitude towards the story line. At times the tone is easy to catch, and others you have to dig deep for it, because it can be contradictory. As readers we should respect the author enough to walk into their world of critical thinking. By reflecting on the theme and literary elements of a narrative the reader can better relate to the authors’ true message. References Clugston, R. W. (2010). Journey into literature. San Diego, California: Bridgepoint Education, Inc. https://content. ashford. edu/books Lombardi, E. (2010). How to become a critical thinker. Retrieved from http://classiclit. about. com/od/forstudents/ht/aa_criticalread. htm Milhauser, S. (2008, October 3). The ambition of the short story. The New York Times. Retrieved from nytimes. com/2008/10/05/books/review/Millhauser-t. html? _r=2

Assistance with Footnotes and Endnotes Use Our Online Help

Assistance with Footnotes and Endnotes Use Our Online Help How to use footnotes and endnotes. Read about the difference between endnotes and footnotes. Footnotes Vs. Endnotes In higher education, students are required to write papers that incorporate a multitude of sources. And when they do so, the student must cite these sources, in order to give credit to any source they borrowed, summarized or paraphrased. The incorporation of sources adds depth, clarity and a sense of professionalism to one’s paper. And to avoid plagiarism, the student must cite every single source they use, or else they risk failing the assignment or worse: expulsion. THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE WORKS CITED AND A BIBLIOGRAPHY In most instances, the writer of a paper must use in-text citations, such as: (Thompson, 1998, p. 199). This applies to the MLA (Modern Language Association) style, which is used for most commonly to write papers and cite  the sources within the Liberal Arts or the Humanities, as well as for the APA (American Psychological Association) style, which is used to cite sources within the Social Sciences. These two styles are most commonly used in higher education. And whenever a student needs to provide supplementary or explanatory notes when they are citing a source in an academic paper, they either use footnotes or endnotes. The main difference between the two is the placement of the notes: footnotes are placed numerically at the foot (the bottom) of the very same page where direct references are made; while endnotes are placed numerically at the end of the essay or published work on a separate page entitled â€Å"Endnotes† or just â€Å"Notes,† which can be found just before the Bibliography or page. Footnotes and endnotes are used because long explanatory notes are rather distracting for the reader. If a note is needed, either to further explain a point, translate a word or phrase, or as a digression to explain why perhaps a writer used a certain source in a certain case, it may be easier for the reader to glance down at the bottom of the page they are a currently reading as opposed to turning to the back of the book to read the explanatory note. Both styles, APA and MLA, allow for both kinds of notes – endnotes and footnotes – although MLA recommends that all notes be listed on a separate page entitled â€Å"Notes.† Both style types, however, recommend limited use of both kinds of notes. But the student writing an essay or paper would probably, for efficiency reasons, want to use footnotes. The inclusion to include either kind depends on the student writing the essay or the preference of the student’s professor who will be ultimately evaluating the e ssay or paper. Examples of  Footnotes and Endnotes These can either be endnotes or footnotes which refer to cited publications a reader may wish to consult: 1. See Blackmur, especially chapters 3 and 4, for an insightful analysis of this trend. 2. On the problems related to repressed memory recovery, see Wollens  120-35; for a contrasting view, see Pyle 43; Johnson, Hull, Snyder 21-35; Krieg 78-91. 3. Several other studies point to this same conclusion. See Johnson and Hull 45-79, Kather  23-31, Krieg 50-57. Also, endnotes and footnotes are occasionally used for explanatory notes (also known as content notes), to refer to brief, additional information that may digress from the main text: 4. In a 1998 interview, she reiterated this point even more strongly: I am an artist, not a politician! (Weller 124). There are also cases when footnotes are indicated not by enumeration but symbols. In Anton Chekhov’s Ward No. 6 and Other Stories, published and translated by Barnes and Noble Classics, this occurs in the next to last paragraph in part V of his short story Ward No. 6:  Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Pushkin* suffered terrible agonies before his death †¦ And at the bottom of the page, the footnote reads: *The great Russian poet Aleksandr Pushkin (1799-1837). If you have any problems with using endnotes and footnotes, feel free to contact our experts for getting assistance. Also, you may order any type of academic paper from our writers and dont worry how to do footnotes and endnotes.